Introduction. One of the directions of the state policy in the fi eld of fi re safety is the improvement of national standards in the fi eld of protection of the population from the fi re threat, which should be developed not only taking into account modern challenges and threats, but also based on the historical traditions of state management of the fi re protection of Russia, including pre-revolutionary ones. The purpose of this article is to eliminate gaps in the history of the development of the fi re protection of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century on the basis of archival data; to identify the reasons for the failed attempt of the fi re reform in Russia; show the progressive ideas of Count A.D. Sheremetev to reform the fi re service in Russia: the fi rst attempt to unite fi refi ghting teams of different types into a single fi re-fi ghting organization, the creation of a single governing body for fi refi ghting teams and the inclusion of voluntary fi refi ghting teams in a unifi ed state system of fi re control.

Main part. This paper presents the main provisions of the fi re reform project by A.D. Sheremetev. Archival data from A.D. Sheremetev’s papers in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA), allowing to explain little-known chapters of the United Russian Fire-Fighting Society history, are introduced into scientifi c expression. The reasons for the need to implement fi re reform in Russia are explained. The discussion on the ways of reforming the fi re protection of the Russian Empire is considered. The role of A.D. Sheremetev is defi ned not only in the formation of national fi refi ghting voluntary work, but also in the development and discussion of reforming the country’s fi refi ghting industry.

Conclusions. The fi re reform project presented by A.D. Sheremetev clearly illustrates the process of fi lling the state function on emergency prevention and response with specifi c content and shows the dynamics of such specifi cation after the registration of this function in 1853.

Introduction. In the structure of management of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to create an integrated safety and security system, which has already become traditional and includes sectoral areas (industrial and fi re safety, labor safety, environmental and information security, anti-terrorism security of the facility). The statistics confi rm the facts that the major part of determined hazards is caused by the human factor, including shortcomings (gaps) in the fi eld of impact of personnel of industrial and fi re safety services, labor safety, information security and anti-terrorism security, environmental security (hereinafter – services) on the supervised safety subsystems. To solve this problem, a methodological basis is presented in obtaining indicators of the infl uence (impact) of each of the services, that allows to reveal vulnerabilities in management of considered integrated safety and security system.

Methods of research. Approaches using existing methods in integrated safety and security of the enterprises are analyzed, and the features of their application are considered. At the stage of analytical research, it is proposed to apply the method of direct determined factor analysis, which makes it possible to specify the indicators of factor infl uence, divide them into components. At the stage of synthesizing the obtained analytical results, it is offered to apply the method of the objective tree on the basis of inverse calculations allowing to receive coeffi - cients of increment (decrease) of gaps (erroneous actions) of service personnel arising in the dynamic process of their employment relations.

Problem statement. The statistical data of fi res at the enterprises of electric power industry of the Russian Federation were processed. The coeffi cients of characteristic infl uence (direct, indirect) were determined. It was necessary to solve the problem with dynamic presentation of service performance indicators (by years) to identify those areas that require the formation of management instructions by the head of the enterprise.

Problem solution. The example of inverse problem solution based on the construction of the objective tree, which is characterized by ease of use, visibility, dynamism, universality and uniformity is presented.

Conclusion. The results obtained can be integrated as an embedding into an expert or intelligent management system created at the enterprise (for example SAP).

Introduction. Determination of the scientifi cally substantiated frequency of cleaning the ducts of local exhausts of industrial buildings and structures is one of the tasks in the fi eld of fi re safety of industrial enterprises. The paper describes design methods, in particular, a method for determination of the induction period during spontaneous combustion of dust deposits in air ducts of ventilation systems and equipment, which can be used in solving problems focused on the development of preventive measures to ensure their fi re and explosion safety.

Methods. In order to solve the problem set in this paper and compare the indicators obtained in the calculation and analytical part of the studies with the growth dynamics of deposits in real facilities, fi eld tests have been accomplished in the production facilities of the fl our mill of OJSC MK “Voronezhsky” and JSC Concern “Sozvezdiye”.

Results and discussion. The timeframes for cleaning of deposits on ventilation (aspiration) equipment of buildings and structures cannot be universal for various industries and must take into account the dynamics of the growth of deposits depending on the specifi cs of combustible deposits, the workload of the production facilities of the protected object in a given period of time, and the operating conditions of the equipment. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the places of maximum accumulations of deposits are most often formed on the surfaces of joints and on the bends of pipelines of ventilation systems. The conditions of spontaneous combustion of combustible dust are studied by calculation and analytical method, depending on such process characteristics as the speed of the dust-air mixture fl ow in the duct, as well as the diameter of the duct’s cross section.

Conclusions. The nomograms built on the basis of the studies performed can be used to determine the multiplicity of cleaning of combustible dusts of equipment and air ducts of industrial ventilation systems. The paper provides a calculation of the period of induction of spontaneous combustion of combustible dust deposits using the example of rye fl our with asymmetric heat transfer. Its signifi cance is due to the process of accumulation of deposits of combustible dust to a critical thickness in terms of spontaneous combustion conditions.

Introduction. The problem of greenhouse gas emissions from hydrocarbon-powered vehicles, polluting the air, makes consumption of hydrogen as an alternative motor fuel particularly relevant. Solutions to this problem are provided in a number of works written by foreign researchers. This article contains the analysis of these works in respect of fi re and explosion safety assurance at gaseous and liquid hydrogen filling stations (hydrogen fi lling stations).

Features of hydrogen storage. Motor fuel storage is a main problem of hydrogen filling stations and their operation. Most advanced hydrogen storage methods (applicable to gaseous, liquid and adsorbed hydrogen, as well as metal hydrides that contain hydrogen) are analyzed in the work.

Compressed hydrogen filling stations. Fire and explosion safety features of filling stations, where compressed hydrogen is stored, are considered by the author. As a rule, mobile fuel trucks, equipped with compressed gas tanks, are used there.

Liquid hydrogen filling stations. Fire safety aspects of filling stations, where liquid hydrogen is stored, regasifi cation is performed, and vehicles are fi lled with compressed gas, are also analyzed.

Hydrogen formation at filling stations. One of the ways to supply fuel to a hydrogen filling station is to produce it on site using dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane, which is delivered in tank trucks. Hydrogen is compressed and stored in cylinders. Fire hazards arising at such stations are analyzed.

Main provisions of NFPA 2 in terms of hydrogen filling stations. The requirements of the international standard NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code. 2016 Edition, that apply to compressed and liquefi ed hydrogen filling stations, are considered.

Conclusions. The author has made a conclusion that hydrogen fi lling stations are intensively built in several countries. It has been proven that if necessary protective measures are taken, hydrogen fi lling stations can be as safe as those using hydrocarbon fuel. It is necessary to develop a domestic regulatory document containing fi re safety requirements applicable to hydrogen fi lling stations with account taken of the international experience.

Introduction. Signal cables of safety systems, installed at nuclear power plants (NPPs), retain the ability to conduct modulated signals during the time period needed to switch the reactor facility to a safe mode. However, the ability of signal cables to transmit signals correctly in the high temperature gas medium, which is typical for the early stage of a room fi re, has not been exposed to research.

Aims and objectives. The co-authors offer a theoretical assessment of the ability of NPP safety system cables to correctly transmit modulated electric signals if exposed to fi re and current loads. The theoretical research into the temperature of the conductor of a signal cable at the initial stage of fi re has been performed towards this end.

Theoretical background. The steady state heat conduction equation, describing heat transmission from the cable core to the environment through the cylinder-shaped insulation layer, is used to measure the temperature of the cable strand.

Results and discussion. Temperature dependences describing the relation between the temperature of the conductor of a single - strand and single-wire cable KNEPng(А)-HF on the gas medium temperature are obtained. Relations between the temperature of the gas medium in the room on fi re and the current intensity in the electric cable (if the cable is laid vertically) are presented with account taken of the dependence between the specifi c resistance of the wire and the temperature if the maximal permissible operating temperature of cable strands is 70 °С, the maximal permissible operating temperature of cable strands in the overload operation mode is 80 °С, and the maximal cable strand heating temperature is equal to 160 °С when the short-circuit failure occurs. Maximal current intensity values are obtained for various operating modes in the condition of temperatures typical for the initial stage of an indoor fire, they allow to correctly conduct modulated signals within the time period needed to switch the reactor facility to a safe mode.

Conclusions. The developed mathematical model and results of numerical experiments allow to assess the infl uence of the temperature in the room of a nuclear power plant in case of fi re on the ability of a signal cable of the safety system to transfer undistorted modulated signals depending on current loads and signal cable laying patterns (whether it is laid vertically or horizontally), and also to expand the range of the room temperature dependence on the current load provided in Electrical Installations Code (EIC).

Introduction. This paper is an overview of the use of standard equipment capable of spraying disinfectants and powders and fi ghting viral infections during a pandemic.

Aims and objectives. The objective of the paper is to substantiate the need to develop a new method of combined disinfection. The following problems are to be tackled to meet this challenge: 1) the study of shock waves and their effi ciency if applied to microorganisms; 2) the substantiation of the effi cient use of the available fi re-fi ghting machinery, standard charges and sample equipment for shock-wave disinfection; 3) the search for the optimal and effective cycle of large-scale disinfection; 4) the compatibility substantiation of the shock-wave mode of large-scale spraying of chemical disinfectants; 5) the development and adjustment of impulse fi re-fi ghting equipment to ensure fl exible disinfection control in a wide range of areas.

Materials and methods. The weaknesses of disinfection by spraying disinfectants and the impossibility of their elimination by upgrading traditional hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, without changing their operating principles, have been demonstrated.

Results and discussion. A new disinfection method, based on the accumulated experience of operation of impulse fi re equipment, is proposed. A disinfection methodology that contemplates the shock-wave destruction of microorganisms has a strong potential. The optimal cycle of spraying disinfectant chemical solutions (DCS) and powders has been substantiated; it assures comprehensive disinfection based on various mechanisms of action: 1) impact compression and prompt heating; 2) pressure relief that destroys microorganisms; 3) convection heating using a squall front that has high-temperature steam whirls; 4) chemical disinfection using micro-drops and DCS vapors sprayed on various surfaces that have irregularities, slots, cracks, irregular shape items.

Conclusions. The proposed advanced equipment has no close substitutes in the world. It is protected by the Russian, Ukrainian and Chinese patents. Its production is expedient if launched at defense plants in operation if suffi cient funding is available.

The main problems of ensuring fire and explosion safety of residential buildings with gas-using equipment are considered. Analysis of possible causes of an emergency with the formation of hazardous concentrations of natural gas in the premises of the apartment conducted. Explanations about the degree of influence on the threat of explosion of typical plastic windows are given. Preventive measures and technical methods for reducing the number of explosive cases during the operation of gas equipment are presented. A review of the current regulatory literature, draft laws and other open sources, which form a general idea of the state of the gas consumption system in the residential sector and ways to improve its safety, was completed.