Introduction. At the emergency passages of a liquid methane on a soil there is its intensive boiling and the explosive situation is formed. At the passage on metal surfaces boiling happens in the film mode and boiling speed considerably exceeds boiling speed on a soil.
Methods. Calculation of rate of evaporation of a liquid methane is broken into two stages: the first stage — to value of numbers Fо < 0.5, when the surface can be considered thermally thick body, the second stage — for Fо і 0.5 in flesh to Fo* when temperature of a cold surface reaches value of the second critical Tcr2 » 160.56 K and comes to an end film boiling.
Results. Observation is confirmed, that the heat transfer coefficient at film boiling poorly depends on a temperature pressure and actually remains to constants during all process of film boiling. In this case at a thickness of a steel sheet dЈ2.5 mm, that corresponds to Bi Ј 0.1 of a leaf it is possible to consider thermally thin body. This circumstance is exposed calculations for Fо і 0.5. The dependence of mass of the evaporated liquid during film boiling is received and time of film boiling is defined.
Conclusions. The offered computational method of evaporation of a liquid methane from a metal surface is applicable for other couples cryogenic liquid – metal. At the same time it is necessary to consider change of thermal activity of metals (Срrl) with change of their temperature.

Introduction. The purpose of this work is to determine the mechanism for extinguishing liquid hydrocarbons and develop a method for extinguishing them with water-based suspensions with carbon nanostructures.
Materials. Nonfunctionalized (non-funct) and functionalized multilayer carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), as well as astralenes (Astr), were used as nanomaterials dispersed in distilled water.

Experimental part. The experimental part included determining the pH of the suspensions; research of nanostructures by atomic force microscopy; measurement of surface tension suspensions; determining the rate of their heating to the boiling point, the specific heat of vaporization; time measurement of extinguishing model hearth class B.
Results and discussion. The burning liquid hydrocarbons extinguishing mechanism with water and carbon nanostructures suspensions is achieved by intensifying the processes of heat removing from the petroleum product vapors combustion zone. Dispersion of low concentrations of carbon nanostructures (MWCNT, Astralen) 0.05–1.0 % by vol. in aqueous compositions on the base of distillated water (DW) leads to increase the heating rate to the reflux temperature and more intense steam generation, an improvement in the quenching characteristics when sprayed drops are applied to the combustion zone.
In suspensions DW+non-funct MWCNT and DW+MWCNT with concentration 0.8–1.0 % by vol. fire extinguishing efficiency increase by increasing the values of specific heat of vaporization up to the interval 2300…2400 kJ/kg, for DW+Astralen with concentration 0.2–0.5 % by vol. — 2400…2600 kJ/kg, for DW+Carbopol ETD 2020+ +MWCNT with concentration 0.5–1.0 % by vol. — 1100…1400 kJ/kg.
The quenching time dependence of the heating rate to boiling point has a characteristic extremum in the range of 5.5…6.5 °C/min for suspensions DW+non-funct MWCNT and DW+MWCNT with concentration of 0.8–1.0 % by vol., 5.5…6.5 °C/min for DW + Astralen with concentration of 0.2–0.5 % by vol. and 6.0…8.0 °C/min for DW+Carbopol ETD 2020+MWCNT with concentration of 0.5–1.0 % by vol.
Conclusion. Proposed fire extinguishing method can significantly increase fire extinguishing agents effectiveness to eliminate the liquid hydrocarbons burning due to water and carbon nanostructures suspensions droplets intensive heating to the boiling point, evaporation and cooling of the combustion zone. 

Introduction. The necessity of obtaining by decision makers (DM) of complete information on first level information distribution equipment operating readiness of Automated Process Control Systems (APCS) at any time. Data on the pre-fire condition at a facility of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) is transmitted using the control elements of Automated Fire and Explosion Safety Systems (AFES) as a part of the APCS. The connection of determining the state of readiness of the AFES equipment with the degree of preventive maintenance is shown. The aim of the study is to obtain a scientifically based tool for determining AFES equipment operating readiness.

Research methods. In order to solve the problem, there was selected a six-level graph of strategic planning model that is offered to a DM for use while evaluating the first level information distribution AFES equipment operating readiness. The hierarchy is based on the implementation of plans for the maintenance, repair and replacement of equipment. There were simulated verification measures and remedial procedures by using the method of successive increments. Two problems of mathematical programming are proposed — linear and nonlinear one. In the first case, a new form of the objective function was obtained, taking into account the maximum efficiency of plans implementation. In the nonlinear formulation in different forms, the criterion search function is considered to estimate the maximum efficiency. Optimal task solving is a conclusion about the use of a certain resource for one specific event. 

Study results. The conclusion was made about the feasibility of using the entire resource for a specific event. When solving the optimization problem in the nonlinear formulation, the dynamism of the parameters of the planned work vector to bring the first level AFES information sources in the required state, as well as the work performance intensity vector, is noted. As a result, there was proposed an AFES equipment integral operating readiness formula for a certain number of remedial measures.

Conclusion. A method for evaluating the effectiveness of remedial measures for AFES, taking into account the resource limited by special conditions, is obtained. The use of the method gives an opportunity for on-duty shifts of the fuel and energy complex facility to promptly respond to pre-fire situations. 

Introduction. One of the most common ways to eliminate leaks from storage facilities (tanks) and process equipment is to release the tanks in which a leak is detected from the product stored in it. The following methods are the repair of tanks-sealing cracks and through holes with the help of devices, including product-resistant lining and inserts (plugs), special tie bolts (rivets) with washers and nuts, as well as the introduction of the product bran. Experimental and analytical analysis of the composition of the operations of these methods showed that they have a great complexity, which increases the time to eliminate leaks.
Technology. The essence of the technology lies in the fact that between the standard inflatable pillow with eyelets in the corners and the upper and lower tension belts are attached to the connecting unit. The connecting node allows the use of two belts less. The article presents photos of the connecting unit and the main stages of the inflatable pillow overlay at the vertical location of the fastening belts on the railway tank.

Results and discussion. The proposed technology ensures the achievement of social, economic and technical results, consisting in: improving the safety of work to eliminate leaks; increasing efficiency; reducing the time of elimination of leaks by accelerating the installation of an inflatable pillow; increasing environmental safety, by reducing the time of elimination of leaks; providing a higher level of security by eliminating the actions at height and reduce the time of elimination of leaks; simplification and reduction of labor intensity by reducing the total number of operations; reducing the impact of human factors on the duration of time to eliminate leaks. 
Conclusion. The comparative timing of the installation of an inflatable pillow by conventional methods and through the proposed technology showed the following: the duration of the leak elimination by the known method was 15–20 minutes; the duration of the leak elimination by the considered technology was 3–5 minutes. To ensure intrinsic safety, the connecting node is rubber-coated.

Introduction. Many cultural heritage objects are multifunctional historic buildings with protected architectural and constructional solutions contradicting fire safety requirements. Safe evacuation should be provided for such objects with high occupancy, but it’s complicated by various occupant groups (children, foreigners, disabled people). Development of evacuation training guidelines for cultural heritage objects is necessary.

Methods. People in fire evacuation should follow strictly defined routes, according fire evacuation plans. This makes evacuation training for personnel necessary.
Evacuation trainings for personnel are regularly organized in State Hermitage Museum. Fire safety commission develops annual scheduled plan and training plan, evacuation training results are estimated in review. Evacuation training for personnel and visitors was organized in Winter Palace of State Hermitage Museum on thå 5th April 2018. Museum personnel, emergency service, Russian National Guard coordination, people evacuation and rescue, cultural property salvage, fire protection systems condition, completeness with emergency firefighting equipment and first aid treatment were checked.
Results and discussion. Evacuation training was organized according to plan, it was succeeding at goal. Visitor evacuation training time didn’t exceed normative and calculated. But it’s necessary to take into account that people behavior at real evacuation may vary and make stream movement difficult.
Conclusion. Evacuation training procedure improvement can be organized by investigation of people stream movement, analysis of high occupancy time intervals, especially for various-aged children. Such analysis should include museum visit statistical data.

Introduction. Design of medical institutions in the Russian Federation is carried out taking into account requirements of the Federal law of 30 December 2009 No. 384 “Technical regulations on safety of buildings and constructions”, and also the Federal law of 22 July 2008 No. 123 “Technical regulations on requirements of fire safety”. In Italy, the technical regulations on fire safety in the design, construction and operation of public and private medical institutions were approved by Decree No. 227 of 18 September 2002 of the Ministry of Internal. The purpose of this article is to study the Italian design standards of medical institutions for comparative analysis with the Russian regulatory framework in terms of fire safety of health facilities.

Methods. A comparative analysis of the main provisions and objectives of the documents of technical regulation in the field of fire safety and general principles of fire safety in Italy and Russia.
Results. It should be noted that the fire safety regulations approved by Decree No. 227 do not contain a specific concept of “evacuation” and do not describe its characteristics. In Federal law No. 123, both the concept of evacuation and its characteristics are disclosed in sufficient detail. The requirements established by the Italian building codes for fire resistance of building structures, practically coincide with the domestic fire safety requirements for fire resistance.
Conclusion. Despite the complex nature of the system of fire safety of buildings, including fire prevention system, fire protection system and organizational and technical measures, it should be noted the similarity of principles and approaches in ensuring fire safety both in Russian standards and in the Italian design rules. The differences are due, in the authors’ opinion, to climatic, socio-economic and, possibly, scientific and cultural aspects that influence the decision-making of standard-setting organizations and associations.

The main classes of insulation resistance are indicated. Тhe basic requirements of normative documents on the procedure for the selection and operation of a variety of insulating materials are considered. The features of the assessment of the degree of destruction of insulation from exposure to elevated temperatures are noted. Comparison of insulation classes according to active norms is carried out. The main regularities and examples of calculations of the insulation aging time are presented.

The main principal differences between the coefficient of productivity and the K-factor are considered. The formulas for the conversion of the K-factor expressed in the American and European system of units in the coefficient of productivity used to determine the parameters of the dictating and subsequent irrigators in the hydraulic calculations of distribution networks AFEI (automatic fire extinguishing installation) by the method given in Set of rules 5. 13130.2009. The algorithm of selection of hydraulic scheme of distribution of networks AFEI dicates of the sprinkler and dictating the protected area. The difference between the normative, permissible and average intensity of irrigation is noted. The article presents the variation of both the total flow rate of the AFEI and the flow rate of each sprinkler located above the protected area with successive activation of the sprinklers. It is shown that the flow rate and, consequently, the intensity of irrigation of the dictating irrigator, if it was the first one, is several times higher than the calculated values. As the activation is the lasting of sprinklers located above the protected area, the flow rate is reduced and when triggered last adopted in the calculation of the sprinkler, the parameters dictating and subsequent sprinklers is equal to the estimated.