When building physical models of many processes are used information about the magnitude of the temperature of the structure surface and the heat flux into the design, you must have the foreseeable analytical expressions. Existing solutions to the heat equation for plates and semi-infinite space, hard understand as expressed through an infinite series of special functions or tabulated. Unfortunately, members of series are defined by the tables or graphes. In the proposed work an attempt was made to get the final expressions to determine the surface temperature and the magnitude of the heat flow directed inside design. These expressions must include values that define the decision problem - the initial and boundary conditions. If the task addresses the following options: • design is thermally thin body, when the Bio number is small (Bi < 0.14); • design is thermally thick body, when the Fourier number Fo < 0.5, the condition means that the thermal perturbation has not reached the opposite border; • body is not thermally thick, as Fo > 0.5, but is not thermally thin, because Bi > 0.14. For a thermally thin body design temperature thickness has a constant value. For thermally thick body Fo < 0.5 there are defined three ranges of surface temperature determination. The first mode is determined by the product of FoBi < 0.01 (ofFo < 0.5). The second mode is limited by the condition of 0.01 < FoBi² < 8, a third mode is realized under condition FoBi² <8. As result there are derived the final expressions for determining surface temperature and heat flux inside the structure, which includes initial and boundary conditions, and does not require other additional information.

Now the new anti-virus substance "Triazid" (5-methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidinide L-argininium monohydrate) passes the state registration procedure as a medicament for the subsequent organization of its production and applications in the Russian Federation. Therefore there is a need in identifying of fire and explosive hazard characteristics of "Triazid" (I) and two semiproducts of its synthesis (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pirimidin-7-one (II), 5-methyl-6-nitro-1,2,4- triazolo[1,5-a]pirimidin-7-one (III)). These indices of compounds (I)-(III) are determined by experimental and computational methods. At the experimental finding of the auto-ignition temperature of (I)-(III) and the fire temperature of (I) and (III) according to GOST 12.1.044 we meet the next technical difficulties: • upper limit of the working range of apparatus OTP does not allow to determine the auto-ignition temperature of the compounds • intensive decomposition of compounds (I) and (III) extinguishes aburner flame of apparatus OTP It does impossible definition of their fire points Express tests on auto-ignition (contact of the samples with a red-hot spiral) gave positive results for the compounds therefore we replaced the standard apparatus OGNM on device TEP, The resultofthe workis determinationoffire andexplosive hazardcharacteristics ofthe newdrug "Triazid" (I) and two semiproducts ofits synthesis.

In article topical issue - lack of physical and chemical properties of the new synthesized substances is brought up. These properties will allow workers of supervising activity to develop systems of ensuring fire safety on objects of protection. Operability of such systems is reached by an exception of the combustible environment or a source of ignition. On the example of esters of oleic acid which are used practically in all areas of the industry and are made according to help data in number of more than several tens millions tons per year, it was succeeded to predict flash point, one of the most important fire-dangerous indicators of properties of substance, by means of KDS 1.0 neuropackage developed by us. The Neyropaket KDS 1.0 program allows: to load and look through the databases containing structures of chemical compounds and their properties; to carry out correlation of the entered data; statistically to estimate the received models; to use the received neural network models for forecasting of properties of substances, without carrying out difficult experiment. It's carried out verification of data based on some help data. Besides, flash point of esters of oleic acid data about which are absent in reference books was predicted. It gives the chance to make a start from the received values by development of systems of ensuring fire safety. On the basis of knowledge of flash point it is possible to perfrom calculation of category of the room which is necessary for establishment of requirements of fire safety. Such approach to forecasting of fire-dangerous property of substance is based on the description of structure of a molecule by means of molecular descriptors and establishment of quantitative correlations between the found values by means of artificial neural networks. During research of flash point the artificial neural network allowing to predict values with a margin error, not exceeding 8 %, in comparison with help data was simulated. Besides, the way of forecasting of fire-dangerous properties of substances based on use of molecular descriptors and artificial neural networks allows to draw a conclusion on possibility of application of such way for forecasting of other fire-dangerous properties of organic substances.

The number of organic compounds exceeded 20 million and increases each year by 300 thousand. To ensure the fire safety and technological calculations of processes of production, for storage and transportation materials there are needed data rates fire and explosion hazard substances. To elucidate how the thermodynamic properties of liquid compounds are related to their molecular characteristics, it is necessary to study the properties of compounds in homologous series. The available methods for calculating the properties of multi component systems are also based on the properties of the constituent components. As objects of research there were selected substances homologous series of n-alkyletanoats, aliphatic ketones and alcohols. At various temperatures vapor pressure and density of the liquids in the homologous series were measured. Lewis-Randal calculations do not allow us to directly relate the thermodynamic function values of substances to the molecular weight (structure) of chemical substance. As a reference for calculating the contributions from intermolecular interaction, we used an ideal gas at the temperature, volume of a real liquid and obeying the same statistics. Based on experimental data and using the standard of ideal gas (taken at the temperature and volume of liquid) there are calculated the values internal energy, entropy, and Helmholtz energy. The analysis determined that values of thermodynamic functions are linearly dependent on the molecular weight of the substance in the homologous series. Analysis of published data established as a linear dependence of the flash point of substances of molecular weight substances in the homologous series. Considering the tendency of change these properties it's established that the flash point of substances linearly dependent on the values of the energy of Helmholtz of substances homologous series. The corresponding equations were obtained. The established regularities and obtained based on these equations allow us to predict the properties of homologous series of substances with the necessary accuracy for practical purposes.

Within the latest decades, the research community has been focused on changes that may take place in qualitative characteristics of wood after long-term use of wooden structures used in buildings and structures. These are research papers by such scientists, as Varfolomeev Yu. A., Gusev B. P., Keskulla T. E., Kisternaya M. V., Okamoto K., Pishchik I. I., Terentyev V. Ya., Fefilov V. V., Fukada E., Shapovalova L. G. and others. Such papers have shown major impacts produced by long-term natural ageing upon physicochemical, mechanical and other properties of wood due to structural and chemical transformations taking place in the wood. Today, impact produced by long-term natural ageing of wood upon its fire hazard rates continues to be under-investigated. As shown by analysis of conflagration accidents that have taken place, facilities having long useful-life and containing wooden structures behave unusually when exposed to high temperatures. Temperatures abnormally high, rapid propagation of fire and high-rate thermal damage to structures affected are most typical for such conflagrations. Non-standard behavior of long useful-life wooden structures in case of conflagrations and their fire hazard have been dealt with in research papers by such scientists as Aseeva R. M., Naganovskiy Yu. K., Pokrovskaya E. N., Serkov B. B. and Sivenkov A. B. In such papers, their authors have provided evidence of high-rate combustion hazard wooden structures acquire due to their long-term natural ageing. However, effects produced by long-term use of wooden structures used in buildings and structures upon their fire resistance continue to be poorly understood, and approaches best fit for making their fire-safe are still in need of investigation. Lack of scientific research in this area and the actually neglectful attitude to fire safety regulations and references system, as applicable to such factor as wooden structures' terms of use, provide a paramount importance to findings made by the study. The principal purpose of this study was investigation into the impact of their long-term use upon fire resistance of wooden structures (WS) and upon their carbonization specifics combined with loss of WS sustaining capability in case of a conflagration. It was the first time that investigation was ever made into behavior displayed by long useful-life wooden structures when exposed to a conflagration. It has been shown that time is a major factor contributing into carbonization rapidity (in the course of the use, such carbonization rapidity grows 2-fold on the average) and heating extent across the thickness of wooden structure affected. It has also been shown that wooden structures used for 150 years have higher wood density rates and physico-chemical properties. However, high temperatures cause loss, by such structures, of their initial durability rates, even when temperature is 80 °C only. It has been shown that carbonization sets on at lower temperatures in wooden structures that have been longer in use; investigation has been made into properties and structure of wooden structure coal layers and their oxidizing power. It has been found that specific properties and structure of coal layer produced in any wood long-advanced in its natural ageing make such wood more fire-resistant. However, this is combined with high-rate cokes oxidizing power and heat output; high-rate thermal damage to the wood structures is also evident. Interrelation has also been shown between findings obtained by thermal analysis method (TG, DTG and DSC) and carbonization extent, which is the principal process accompanying loss of their sustaining capacity by wooden structures. Such interrelation allows making estimations for fire resistance in long useful-life wooden structures usable in buildings and structures. Carbonization rates obtained for various temperature ranges, and also temperature and time, when carbonization usually sets on, may be used in calculation methods applicable to estimations of the highest wooden-structure fire resistance rates. Estimations for the highest fire resistance rates of long useful-life wooden structures may be obtained for the existing buildings and structures and for those under reconstruction. Findings of the studies are proposed for use in Russian and foreign regulatory documents and in future, within studies of behavior displayed by wooden structures in case of a conflagration. Findings so obtained allow improvement of safety for humans in long useful-life buildings and structures, and also improvement of safety for fire-fighting teams and successfulness of their efforts in fire extinguishing at such facilities.

To determine the bearing capacity limits of main structures of buildings and constructions with explosive productions it was analyzed data on destruction and damage rate of various constructive elements of buildings and constructions which took place as due to emergency explosions inside production premises so due to external explosion; it were also used results of tests of structures under the action of explosive loads. The analysis of past accidents shows that one of the most vulnerable spots of brickwork created during construction of buildings are sections at seams which cohesion is often insufficient to provide shearing resistance, breaking strength or resistance to the main tensile stresses. Advantages of large-panel industrial buildings before brick buildings, in regards to their explosion stability, are proved. Recommendations on designing of collapsible reinforced concrete structural frames of buildings with explosive productions are given. Data on bearing capacity of structures of industrial buildings obtained on the basis of materials on emergency explosions, analysis of results of researches stated in literary sources and also data on loadings causing destruction of constructions and structures of various degree and character are presented. Classification of building structures according to their damage rate is given. Data on explosive loads which cause destruction of different types of the main building structures that can be used for creation of the explosion protection system of buildings (using construction methods) with explosive productions are given. Behavior of structures in case of emergency explosions, tests and calculations of structures is defined; permissible loads on the bearing and filler structures with the purpose to obtain the initial data for recommendations on design of buildings for explosive productions is determined.

As a result called on review of the scientific studies it's shown regions category need in Russian Federation on number of fires. This will allow to compare the situation with fires in region. The authors consider expedient to select two groups region (dangerous and crisis). In dangerous regions group it will be necessary to develop the program on reduction of the number of fires, but in crisis group - take urgent and priority measures. In economy and stocks market for estimation of the condition Dow Jones Average is actively used. The similar approach is possible fireman for estimation to dangers. The methods of the calculation of the fire index are enough simple. On the first stage regions of Russian Federation are ranked in order of the decrease of the number of fires. Then 30 regions with maximum importance of the number of fires are selected. They form the listings of the calculation of the fire index and the first category of the countries, which is considered dangerous. The fire index is paid by averaging the factors region in listings. Except this amongst groups dangerous region, came in listings, it's possible select the second category a region - a crisis group. The regions will get in this group with importance of the number of fires exceeding value of the index. There are computed frequencies of the hit region Russia in listings of the calculation of the fire index for 2006-2010 years, as well as in crisis group. The got results useful for shaping the programs of the reduction number of fires in region in dangerous and crisis category.

On the basis of analysis of experimental data on extinguishing of flammable liquids it is offered the model of extinguishing process which includes local interaction of the base of dispersed stream with part of a flame jet and further spreading of extinguishing layer on the burning surface of oil product. The basis of analysis is a dual suppression mechanism of fire extinguishing agents. The dual suppression mechanism is universal and is especially strongly revealed during extinguishing of flammable liquids by dispersed streams of water and freon, by stream of powder and air, by foam giving into the bottom of burning tank with oil product. The dual mechanism is accompanied by fact that the stream of agent carries away atmospheric oxygen that sharply increases volume of flame jet at the initial stage of stream supplying. Taking into account action of inflow of additional air we can reveal the nature of extreme dependence of specific consumption on flow rate of extinguishing agent and existence of its optimal flow rate during fire extinguishing. Material balance of extinguishing process of hydrocarbon flame using method of covering of the burning surface by layer of fire extinguishing agent (FEA) is considered. As a result, it was defined that the thickness of layer in the place where stream falls onto the burning surface depends on flow rate of dispersed stream. Dependence of average thickness of extinguishing layer on flow rate of stream is offered. Based on the results of experiment, conducted on specific model of extinguishing of gasoline flame using water with high dispersion degree, it was described dependence of specific consumption of FEA and extinguishing time on its flow rate. This allowed us to determine the optimal flow rate and the minimal specific consumption of dispersed water. The analysis of formulas, deduced during research, shows that multiplication of extinguishing time by corresponding value of flow rate of dispersed stream allow to obtain the extreme dependence of specific consumption of extinguishing agent on its flow rate. This effect was found in all experiments on fire extinguishing of hydrocarbons by dispersed water, dispersed freon or extinguishing powder. The analysis of extinguishing of gasoline flame by dispersed freon 114B2 and fire extinguishing powder is carried out. Process of extinguishing of a heptane flame by giving of foam onto the burning surface and into the layer of oil product is considered. It is shown that description of extinguishing process of diesel fuel due to giving of air into the bottom of tank reveal the reverse, as compared with dispersed water, situation. In case of application of dispersed water, extinguishing process is realized due to the steam layer which is formed as a result of evaporation of water drops. If extinguishing is realized due to the giving of air, its stream carries away the flow of liquid. As in the previous case, the initial value is a flow rate of air which carries out cold layers of oil product to the upper level. Suppression of flame will occur when the entire burning surface will be covered by hydrocarbon layer which temperature is lower than temperature of ignition. To describe the experimental results it is offered the formula which includes data of the process of fire extinguishing using foams formed from hydrocarbon agents and from fluorinated agents. Possibility of creation of the standard equation which describe dependence of specific consumption and extinguishing time on flow rate of extinguishing agents of different nature is shown. Possibility of determination of the optimal flow rate and the minimal specific consumption of fire extinguishing agent, irrespective of its nature, and possibility of application of the standard calculated ratio for description of the process of extinguishing as by dispersed streams, so by foam giving onto the burning surface and into the layer of oil product are shown.