Purpose. This article describes the results of experimental and theoretical studies on possibility of combined application of fluorine containing and hydrocarbon foaming agents for extinguishing fires of oil products by supplying of low expansion foam onto the surface of burning hydrocarbon. Methods. Results of comparative tests of fire extinguishing efficiency of foams, generated from hydro¬carbon and fluorinated foam agents, are given. Tests were conducted in two modes: firstly foam was given from small height, and then - from increased height. Findings. The nature of foaming agent can be determined by measurement of the complex values of surface and interfacial tensions on a border between aqueous solution of foaming agents and oil product. Measurement of surface tension of the aqueous solutions allows determining which foaming agent is fluorine containing and which is hydrocarbon. Dependence of extinguishing time on flow rate of solution moves synchronously, almost equidistantly, to the area of minor values of flow rate. Value of extinguishing time sharply increases together with approximation of the flow rate value up to critical. The curve of dependencies of specific consumption and flow rate pass through the minimum point, which is clearly expressed despite the change of concentration of aqueous solution of the fluorine containing foaming agent. The value of mini¬mum specific consumption of the foaming solution, used to extinguish the flame of gasoline, simul¬taneously decreases. Application of mixed foaming agents, containing not more than 10 % of fluorinated components, is most appropriate. It allows providing inertness for intermix of oil product and foam, supplying onto the burning object from great height and distance. To prevent reignition it is necessary to use the mixed foaming agent, containing fluorinated components from 40 to 50 %. It provides equality of spreading coeffi-cients in the solution - fuel system and increased stability of foam. The main change of surface activity and fire extinguishing efficiency occurs when the concentration of fluorinated components reaches the level of 10 %. Thus, the value of spreading coefficient of hydrocarbon over aqueous foam-forming solution becomes zero. Values of optimum flow rate and minimum specific consumption of aqueous solution, used to extin-guish gasoline or heptane flame, sharply decrease in the same range. Research application field. The obtained results are recommended for substantiating the means of fire extinguishment of oil and oil spills. Conclusions. Results of experimental studies have shown the possibility of combined application of hydrocarbon and fluorine containing foaming agents for extinguishing fires of oil products by supplying of low expansion foam onto the surface of burning hydrocarbon.

The possible usage of microemulsions for fire suppression is associated with a development and prospective employment of combined extinguishing agents which connect several mechanisms of burning termination, for example sharing water and chemically active inhibitors. But effective and chemically active inhibitors notably halohydrocarbons do not mix with water under ambient con¬ditions. Obtainment of the appropriate microemulsions may become the method of their con¬nec¬tion. In the present work the microemulsions water - sodium dodecyl sulfate - 1-pentanol - tri¬ethanol-amine - 2-iodoheptafluoropropane (IFP) and the water - sodium dodecyl sulfate - 1-pentanol - triethanol-amine - dibromotetrafluoroethane (BFE) of the “oil water” tipe at standard temperature were obtained and studied. It is known that at present BFE is used in fire extinguishing restrictedly due to high ozone-depleting potential. Therefore it would be reasonable to use and study new environmentally friendly halohydrocarbons. One of them is the IFP. The investigated microemulsions are characterized by approximately equal ratio surfactant + co-surfactant ( 21 wt. %) and different ratio between the amounts of oil and water. Determina-tion of the size of the microemulsions microdroplets and the study of their size distribution were performed by dynamic light scattering. It is shown that the structure of these microemulsions is characterized by the pre-sence of oil microdroplets in the aqueous dispersion medium. The size of the aggregates is situated in a fairly narrow range from 0.8 to 10 nm. With increasing of the halohydrocarbons content in microemulsion the position of the intensity maximum of the scattering light is shifting from 2 to 4.5 nm. The strongest increase in the size of the microdroplets is observed when the content of IFP above 4 wt. % and the content of BFE above 6 wt. %. The usage of obtained microemulsions as extinguishing agents may be appropriate by two reasons: first of all these are combined fire extinguishing agents in which the cooling effect of water is added to the inhibition of halohydrocarbons burning. Secondly, the microdroplets structure of microemulsions can enhance the extinguishing action of water by its breaking up at the evaporation of halohydrocarbons micro-droplets close to flame.

The paper discusses the methodology of choosing the site for camping on site with the existing it his-to¬rical, cultural and natural resources for maximum collateral motivations camping and fire safety of camping. Data about each area shall be submitted through geocoordinate, its distance to highways, distance from objects of interest to the visiting tourists. The main selection at the first stage is the compliance of the pad main motivations of tourists. Also take into account the availability of existing attractions for tourists for each alternative camping site in the region. The second stage establishes the absence of contamination of the environment and using forensic analysis - threats of fire safety. For each area and for each threat considered the likelihood of its origin, which is set based on the presence probability of the existence of the threat and probability of its effective prevention, pro-temporary protection and evacuation from platform camping on safe territory. Assessment of fire risk from each hazard or violation is done by considering the probability of its origin and the existing statistics on the frequency of origin of fire for this at-rank. For the area under consideration of all possible risks is selects the biggest. If the conditions of admissi¬bility of the level of fire risk playground camping satisfy, playground includes in the General data¬base for them on the territory of the region. The contradiction between the attractiveness of the site for recreation and fire risk of living there is decided in favor of the visitor and natural areas by minimizing of fire risk, and with the obvious threats of fire safety - the area is excluded from consideration. It’s expounded the algorithm for localization of fire safety and the comfort of the location of the site for camping for tourists. Also it is presented the target function on the localization of fire and the location of site for camping for the visitor: maximizing motivation, comfort and fire safety of site for camping for tourists on his journey.

Introduction. The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of cross impact of water droplets in a flow while moving and evaporation in a medium of high-temperature gases, which cor¬respond in temperature to the typical combustion products due to a fire. We considered the sequential schemes of droplet movement and the schemes when the trajectories of droplet movement diverged relative to each other. Materials and methods. The area full of high-temperature (about 1000 K) combustion products was created using the model of fire source (hollow cylinder of height h = 1 m and diameter d = 0.15 m). Droplets moved in the opposite direction of the gas medium. In experiments we applied the tools of high-speed video recording (up to 106 frames per second) and also the optical diagnostic methods of two-phase gas flows (Particle Image Velocimetry, Particle Tracking Velocimetry, Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry, Shadow Photography). Results. In experiments the decrease in typical radius R of water droplets and change in distance Ld between neighboring droplets was the main defining characteristics. From the experiments we deter-mined the velocity variation of droplets moving sequentially, distance, at which the subsequent droplet catches the next one in a flow, and there is a coalescence. The influence of initial distance between neighboring droplets in a flow on their approximation while movement in a channel with high-¬temperature gases at various values of initial speed of droplet was investigated. Also, we determined the impact scale of the vapor trace forming from evaporation of droplets moving ahead on the eva¬pora¬tion intensity of the next droplets. It was revealed that heating and evaporation of the next droplets in a vapor-gas trace of preceding ones are less intense. The influence of initial water temperature on the approach and the coalescence of droplets moving subsequently in a flow of high-temperature gases were determined. It was illustrated that the previous heat-up of water accelerates the droplet coales¬cence in a flow under conditions of relatively short initial distances between droplets. Also, the extreme distances between droplets were defined, in pro-viding which there is a coalescence of droplets when they pass the area of high-temperature combustion products. Conclusions. We illustrated the satisfactory correlation of experimental results with the data of nu¬me¬-rical simulation carried out previously. The theoretical hypothesis about the significant influence of water droplets moving ahead (through high-temperature gases) on the conditions of evaporation and movement of subsequent ones was proved experimentally.

The present work is devoted to the development of engineering techniques for assessing the explosion of the space launch vehicle orbital stages, after turning off the main liquid propulsion engine, located in a circular orbit at altitudes of 200-1000 km. It is supposed that the unused residue of liquid propellant component in the propellant tank is vaporized by the impact on the structure of the pro¬pellant tank space factors, thus increasing the vapor pressure propellant to values exceeding the design strength of the pro¬pellant tank. Under the current outer space factors mean thermal effect on the orbital stage of the during its orbital motion (direct solar radiation, reflected from the Earth’s solar radiation, the Earth’s own radiation and aerodynamic heat flux). During the practical calculation it is solved a number of problems: the definition of the maximum (finding the orbital stage entirely in the lighted orbit) and the minimum (presence of maximum shaded portion of the orbit) limit of the thermal loading of the propellant orbital stage; the determination of the pressure of the vaporized propellant component vapor in the tank orbital stage (depending on the mass and the boundary conditions of the liquid propellant component placement residue); evaluation of strength tank design orbital stage by increasing its temperature and increased internal pressure caused by the evapora¬tion of the propellant component residue. To assess the explosion of the propellant tank orbital stage of the space launch vehicle with the main liquid propellant engine it is analysed the criteria in the form of ratios of ring voltage of a propellant tank structure to the value of the tensile strength, while the corresponding values of the lower and upper boun-daries of the thermal load. The calculations showed average values of absorbed heat flux at maximum thermal loading (the pro-pellant tank surface is exposed to the total direct solar radiation, reflected from the Earth’s solar radiation, intrinsic radiation of the Earth and aerodynamic heat flux throughout the orbit) and minimum thermal loading (the propellant tank surface orbital stage is in Earth’s shadow). The pre¬sence of residual unused liquid oxygen tank into the space launch vehicle “Zenit” in an amount up to 3 % of the initial filling of the tank does not contribute to exposure.

The comparative analysis and development of forecasting techniques of vapor cloud explosions (VCE) are attracted attention of many researchers from the different countries. The present work prolongs a cycle of the author’s investigation on verification of procedures on examples of real explosions. It is earlier positioned that the RD 03-409-01 and Dorofeev’s methods are able to predict consequences VCE with com-prehen¬sible accuracy, if the flame speed is known. However in practice flame propagation it is often not known that it will impede practical application of the RD 03-409-01 and Dorofeev’s methods. In the present research it is shown that the ME-TNO method is predicted the deflagration VCE, which has place on November 22, 2006 in Denvers (USA). Advantage of the ME-TNO method is that it does not demand knowledge of the specific value of a flame speed. In the present research it is shown that the ME-TNO method is predicted the real deflagration VCE better the RD 03-409-01 and Dorofeev’s methods. Under the influence of a sunshine loss of integrity of container with dimethyl ether with the sub-sequent VCE took place on July 28, 1948 on an industrial territory of BASF in Ludwigshafen (Germany). There were lost 207 persons and 3808 persons have got traumas of various gravity by action of this VCE. This explosion is explored by methods of Federal Norms and Rules, GOST R 12.3.047-98, GOST R 12.3.047-2012, RD 03-409-01, ME-TNO, BST2 (Baker-Strehlow-Tang) and Dorofeev. There are found that the Russian and BST2 methods badly predict explosion consequences at the BASF in Ludwigshafen. The best result of forecasting of consequences of explosion of dimethyl ether are reached at use of the ME-TNO method. For forecasting of consequences of deflagration VCE it is better to use the ME-TNO method.

Review of scientific works in the field of study of static electricity has shown the existing danger of its manifestation in the conditions of hazardous industries in the presence of vapor and gas mixture, where sparks can ignite combustible environment, cause a fire or explosion. When the ignition of the combustible mixture spark charge capacitor (capacitive spark) always it’s required less heat than with any other ignition source. Therefore, spark discharge, including static electricity, is the most efficient and therefore the most dangerous source of ignition. There are known ways to eliminate the danger of static electricity, which improved allowing for the dif¬fe¬rent processes. A review of scientific works in the field of neutralization of static charges is pre-sented. It is shown that the problem of the possibility of hazardous discharges of static electricity, which can be a source of ignition under conditions of storage equipment with explosive purge inert gas. For example, during the release of liquid carbon dioxide may be formed in the region of its high electrical charge jet, leading to the formation of sparks, which in certain circumstances can cause an outbreak in an explosive atmosphere. It was found that different regulations exist contradictions in the use of inert gases, in particular carbon dioxide, as a deterrent combustible mixtures in a capacitive process equipment due to possible static electricity discharges. Based on the literature review it was arisen a need for pilot studies to identify the dangers of static electricity during desensitization carbon dioxide containers with a potentially explosive environment. To investigate the dangers of static electricity during desensitization carbon dioxide containers with a potentially explosive atmosphere there are worked out the technique and experimental stand. On the basis of experimental studies methods and conditions of safe use of carbon dioxide as a deterrent containers with explosive atmosphere were suggested. The most effective and safe condition capacitive flushing process equipment with a potentially explosive atmosphere is carbon dioxide savings (exhaust velocity) of carbon dioxide with increasing length of the line feed and simultaneous grounding of the tank and the socket supply of carbon dioxide.

Planning for the technical retrofit of units of Emercom of Russia is a strategic management function, which includes a range of activities to analyze the situation with the technical support of the territorial governments and departments, as well as factors affecting the condition of hardware designed for the tasks. Park fire and rescue equipment of Fire Service of Emercom of Russia is 23950 cars on January 1, 2016. The percentage of write-off of fire trucks, taking into account the average service life of 10 years, is 68.3 % (51.9 % - more than 15 years of operation and 39.7 % - more than 20 years of operation). Given that for liquidation of fires and emergencies are mainly involved in basic fire fighting vehicles - it’s account for 90 % of the total fleet of fire trucks, it will analyze the technical condition of the main fire vehicles. The percentage of cancellation of the park based on the average period of service of fixed fire-fighting vehicles is 66.1 %. This percentage would be much higher if the reserve stock of fixed fire-fighting vehicles and 50 % would not be reduced. This percentage is increasing every year. Number of departures of fire units on fires, fire, traffic accidents and other destructive events increases every year. In an average year the guards on duty leave about 1.67 million times. The result is that one major car travels in a year about 134 times. In recent years the issue of the retrofit of park vehicles is acute because of the lack of funding of Emercom of Russia. Analysis of the operational units of Emercom of Russia, located on a particular area has shown that large financial and time costs required to implement the accepted concept. The amount of data costs does not allow retrofitting (at one time) in all regions, so it is possible to implement a phased (target) retrofit of units of Emercom of Russia. For prioritization to refurbish and develop a phased retrofit concept must be based on actual operational situation in the regions. Therefore, there is a need for scientific and practical substantiation of approaches to technical re-equipment of units of Emercom of Russia. For formalized description of the operational situation in the regions of Russia with a view to their quantification and ranking by preference in terms of retrofit, it is proposed to use two quantitative indices - the criterion of operational readiness and test technical readiness units of Emercom of Russia before and after the retrofit. The criterion of operational readiness allows a quantitative measurement of the degree of employment units in the decision-making model of retrofitting of units Emercom of Russia, while the criterion of technical readiness of units of Emercom of Russia to evaluate the potential for technology to be in good condition, needed to solve the problem as intended. These criteria, although they do not define all the parameters necessary to take into account the im-plementation of retrofitting, but are crucial. These criteria are complex indicators and provide a framework of information-analytical models during the ranking of the territorial units of fire protection in the order of preference for the retrofit of the basic fire appliances.