Introduction. Russia is the country with the highest risk of fires and severity of their consequences in the world. The development of innovations in fire prevention and liquidation has a great economic importance. The purpose of the research is to analyze the national patents for inventions in physical and chemical basis of combustion development and termination, granted in 1994-2016. Materials and methods of research. The object of study is an electronic patent database of Patents and Trademarks of Russia (Rospatent). The keywords “fire*” truncated with an asterisk (*) and connected with OR operator were used. The patents were divided into groups applying a routine method. The dynamics of the number of patents granted over the years was obtained through the time series analysis, using a second order polynomial trendline. Results and analysis. The polynomial trendline of the number of patents granted in 1994-2016 with low determination coefficient ( R² = 0.61) shows their increase. Rospatent registered 3,297 fire safety inventions during the period under review, including 515 inventions in physical and chemical basis of combustion development and termination. They represent 15.6 % of the total number of fire safety inventions. Patents corresponding to class A62 “Rescue service; fire-fighting equipment” of the International Patent Classification, represent 44.3 %. Domestic individuals were patentees of 31.9 % of inventions, foreign applicants - 8.1 %, Emercom of Russia institutions - 2.3 %. There were (22±3) inventions patented annually. The fire extinguishing substances represent 44.8 % of all inventions, flame retardant and heat retardant coatings and compounds for their production - 24.7 %, construction materials with low fire risk - 19.8 %, methods and devices designed to reduce the fire risk of material production process - 6.3 %, determination of fire risk indicators - 1.9 %, development and improvement of methods for combustion termination - 1. 2 %, others - 1.6 %. Conclusion. In 1994-2016, there has been an increase in the number of granted patents for fire safety inventions in physical and chemical basis of combustion development and termination. The inventions analysis allows forecasting further development of physical and chemical basis of combustion development and termination science.

This work analyzes integrated security and safety problems for modern sports facilities as large places of assembly and multi-use objects. Different events (mostly sports, but modern stadium construction allows to transform them for concerts, performances, etc.) require people protection from possible danger. Also it’s necessary to remember that sports facilities are characterized by not only large assembly of people, but their behavior specialties as well. Statistics of fires at stadiums for recent years show tragedies in the grandstands, caused by events at playing field. All these specialties require complex development and detailed analysis of security and safety (including fire safety) for sports facilities at all stages of design, building and use. Comparative analysis of Russian and international rules and regulations in the field of fire safety for modern sports facilities is made in this work. Special attention is paid to documents prepared for World Championship 2018. Successful practical experience of safety and security arrangements for the XXVII Universiade in Kazan in 2013 and the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014 is regarded. This analysis shows that modern Russian rules and regulations don’t take into account fire safety requirements to the full extent at the stages of design, building, use, rebuilding and reconstruction of sports facilities. For such objects it’s necessary to develop Special Technical Regulations with different justifying calculations for requirements and parameters of fire protection systems. Also modern sports facility design and building require innovative technology application. Future lines of work for integrated security and safety of sports facilities are suggested in conclusion: § development of unified regulation in the field of fire safety; § improvement of fire risk assessment technique.

For realization of the Federal law to Russian Federation “About strategic planning” necessary to conduct regions category on number of fires. This will allow to motivate the separation of the financial facilities subject of Russian Federation on fire-prevention measures, as well as distribution finance to regional subdivisions of Emercom of Russia. Regions categories subject of Russian Federation is offered run for base of the calculation of the index fire in Russian Federation. The methods of the calculation of the index fire in much similar way calculation of the index Dow Jones Average, which is broadly used since 1884 for estimation of the condition stock market and economy USA. Innovation were incorporated in ditto time. The prices of the shares corporation USA were a change by number fire in region of Russian Federation. The industrial corporations USA were replaced subject to Russian Federation. The most largest 30 corporations USA which enter in listings of the payment of the index Dow Jones Average and this list is seldom changed. In listings of the payment of the index fire 30 regions get in Russian Federation with maximum number fire, composition of the listings is variable. Payment of the index fire is executed in work in Russian Federation for 2011-2015 and on its base is organized regions categories. This will allow to compare the situation with fire in regions of the Russian Federation. In total there are determined “dangerous” and “crisis” groups region. In dangerous regions group it will be necessary to develop the program on reduction of the number of fires, but in crisis group - take urgent and priority measures. There are computed frequencies of the hit region Russia in listings of the calculation of fire index for 2011-2015 years, as well as in crisis group. The got results can be useful for motivation management and trained decisions.

The problems of analysis and synthesis of the response system to emergency situations in difficult cases are shown here. The response system is considered as a queuing system of applications of several types requiring the use of one, two or more channels (for example mobile fire-rescue units, ambulance brigades, police and medical care). The relevance of this problem is caused by the presence of autonomous objects in an environment where the number of mobile emergency response units of the system is limited. The analysis problem is formulated as finding the probability of system failure in the reception of applications (of the 1^st type p_I, the 2^nd type p_II and 3^rd type p_III) for a given number of service channels n , when the intensities {λ} and {μ} are known, which are the parameters of exponential distribution laws. The synthesis problem is formulated as finding the required number of service channels n under certain intensities {λ} and {μ} and set limits on allowable probability of failure p_I- p_III. Analytical expressions for the probabilities of system states through the given loads are obtained for the two types of applications of the service system α₁ = λ₁/μ₁ and α₂ = λ₂/μ₂, presented in table form. The general expressions for the probability of unoccupied n channels are also obtained - p₀ and failure probability - p_I and p_II, which can be used for analysis of n -channel queuing system of this type. The nomogram with lines of equal values of n in the coordinates is encouraged to use to solve the problem of synthesis of these systems (α₁, α₂). For this purpose the dependences α₂ = f (α₁, n ) are obtained, and they are found in the form of polynomials, whose coefficients depend on the given load α₁, the number of service channels n and the probability of failure in the admission of an application. Formula to determine these coefficients and to determine the given load α₂ is obtained. It was found that the two types of applications service system for odd values of n at least one service channel may always remain free. Analytical solutions for the evaluation of the probability of states of this queuing system are obtained for the application service system of three types. The examples show the possibility of solving problems of analysis and synthesis of queuing systems with heterogeneous applications using nomograms. This study is a logical continuation of the previously published article “Modeling of sufficiency of the mobile emergency units in case of situations of high complexity.

An early detection and rapid transmission of the message about a fire plays an important role in reducing the severity of the consequences from fires, which ensures the timely adoption of measures for its liquidation. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review issues of applying thin-film resistance thermometers as the primary high-speed detectors in fire alarm systems. This opens up great opportunities for the development of multiband systems based on microelectronics technology. Thin film thermosensors on a massive substrate combine the functions of a threshold sensor as well as a measuring transmitter operating in the thermal finder mode. As a threshold sensor, the thin-film termosensor is, in fact, a time sensor (signal sensor) when the abrupt change in the temperature of the control surface or the heat flow is used as the alarm information. As the thermal finder of fast processes, film thermosensors allow, in addition to detection of existence of “emergency” situations (fire-flash, the combustion front, shock wave, detonation, the beginning of explosive reaction of gas mixture, etc.), to monitor process conditions, to determine the degree of risk and the dynamics of the anomalous process, to monitor the thermal state of technical objects and the environment. The results of the conducted field tests using a specially designed optical stand allowed us to make an unambiguous conclusion about that film thermosensors, with a time response less than one microsecond, can perform the function of a very early detection of fire or explosion on various potentially dangerous objects. Thus, the use of film thermosensors in radio systems for early detection of fire and other emergencies, will allow radically change the existing situation for the protection of people and objects from fire and accidents.

Positive experience of fire tests thermography is proposed to be extended over testing of fire equipment when the application tactics of fire extinguishing devices is primarily important because of the limited mass and flow rate of fire extinguishing substances, and inappropriate use of technical opportunities which may result in low efficiency of fire extinguishing. As tools of objective control “IRTIS” thermographs were used which are insensitive to interferences and maintain the accuracy of data recorded with high smoke-forming ability of the materials of fire. Means of augmented reality applied to control testing of fire equipment to extinguish fire models. It is shown that observations in the spectral range of infrared radiation of 3…5 μm ensured orientation and targeting in the complete absence of visibility. The corresponding thermograms revealed changes in the combustion process due to the flow of extinguishing agent in the form finely sprayed flow and compact jet. Evaluation of fire extinguishing dynamics was done based upon the results of registered temperature anomalies and average temperatures of the central as well as extended zones of combustion. It was established that instrumental control makes available the synchronization of the suppression of the combustion process, adaptation of techniques and provides a significant increase in the efficiency of fire extinguishing. Based on the thermography data, recommendations were developed for the device using high speed flow of fire extinguishing agent “KLIN”. Objective functions to combine tactical thermography with the use of the tested device are outlined. They include: priority for further action of finely dispersed curtain to reduce controlled thermal radiation and to allow reduction of the distance and following close action with the suppression of controlled temperature anomalies of the compact high-speed supply of fire extinguishing substances at the final stage of extinguishing the fire. It is noted that extinguishing of standard fire models is possible after one or two exercises because uniformity of burning allows to quickly identify necessary and sufficient techniques. More complex scenarios which are close to reality, take place when fighting non-standard fires, which are different from the standard ones by random distribution of zones of different intensity of combustion and random distribution of the closed areas, difficult to reach for the extinguishing substance. Extinguishing of these fires require adaptive use of fire equipment, that’s why thermographic control of the burn is recommended in non-standard conditions.

Enclosure fire fighting by finely-dispersed water capability without direct water droplet flow effect from a sprayer upon a fire is shown. Fire fighting requirement droplet flow investigation experience points at successful application of Zauter’s diameter (volume of all droplets to their surface relation) while describing the results of experimental studies and theoretical calculations. With presence of enclosure eddy medium motion on account of ascending combustion product flow and interaction with a sprayer droplet flow in a finely-dispersed droplet ensemble there appear eddy diffusion, migration, deposition, and Magnus effect phenomena. With turbulent gas flow mode the particle deposition velocity on pipe and channel walls in most cases surpasses Brownian deposition velocity of the same particles in eddy-free motion. The above phenomena are typical of fine droplets up to 150 μm in Zauter’s diameter. Droplets of 200 μm and larger diameter are not subjected to eddy gas motion effect, just depositing under force of gravity and initial impulse. A particle motion in gaseous medium follows its pulsations with this or that phase or amplitude lagging, i. e. asymmetrically, but with certain velocity excess to the side of lower magnitudes of pulsating medium velocity. Fine water droplet motion study in eddying gaseous medium allows to reveal processes facilitating fire suppression in the whole enclosure without direct water droplet flow effect from a sprayer upon a fire. The experimental studies performed on enclosure Class A and B fire suppression have demonstrated enclosure fire suppression capacity by finely-dispersed water with droplets of up to 50 μm in diameter that was predicted under theoretical consideration of fine droplets motion in eddying gas medium.

When fire extinguishing foam is applied for fire suppression of flammable liquid in the tank, after the most part of the liquid mirror is already covered by a fire extinguishing foam layer, the fuel continues to burn at the side of the tank. This rather complex case is often implemented in practice, but it wasn’t fully described in the existing theoretical literature. Extinguishing of these last fire sources occur in the following two cases: § cooling of a free side of the tank to a temperature at which the side heated by flame ceases to serve as a source of ignition of fuel vapors; § lowering of the temperature of the combustible fluid located at the side surface of the reservoir to a temperature at which the ignition of the combustible mixture formed by mixing of the fuel vapor with air can not occur. The article presents the analysis of the two cases needed to extinguish remaining pockets of burning at the side of the tank. For the first case (cooling of a free side of the tank to a temperature at which the side heated by flame ceases to serve as a source of ignition of fuel vapors), the mathematical model describing the temperature change during the cooling of the sides of the reservoir was developed. Analytical solutions with certain assumptions were obtained. The expression that defines the time of extinguishing of flammable liquid was also obtained. The values of heat transfer coefficient calculated with the usage of the resulting equation together with the available experimental data obtained in the burning tank, are presented in the paper. The values of the heat transfer coefficient are 0.34¸0.51 W·m^-2·K^-1. For the second case (lowering of the temperature of the combustible fluid to a temperature at which the ignition of the combustible mixture can not occur), the resulting expression describes changes in temperature of the side of the tank during cooling by fire extinguishing foam. The expression was derived from the heat equation with a number of assumptions and the usage of integrating methods of research of physical processes involving integral relations derived from the analysis of differential equations. The obtained equation of temperature change of the side of the tank while cooling by fire suppression foam during extinguishing of flammable liquid, can be later used in the modeling of processes of extinguishing of tanks and in calculating of the flow rate of the foam.