The most hazardous factors of fire are smoke and toxic products of thermal decomposition. In case of fire it’s going smoke evacuation routes. During the fire the person may be at risk of disorientation and panic. Smoke is aerosol formed during thermal decomposition of materials. The object of study is timber, which is widely used in construction. Currently, the influence of wood and wood surface layer modifiers on smoke-forming ability was studied. The impact of wood surface layer modifiers on properties of aerosols remains poorly studied. Objective is to evaluate the influence of modifiers of the surface layer of wood on the formation and stability of aerosol smoke. In the work of elemental analysis method was used to assess the modifying action of selected esters of acids of phosphorus. It is known that these compounds are effective flame-retardants, and provide the biostability of wood. Granulometric analysis conducted to evaluate the properties of aerosol. It was used the method of “neutral drop” to evaluate the energy characteristics of surface modified wood. As a result of the elemental analysis the percentage of phosphorus in surface layer of wood before and after thermal decomposition was obtained. These data lead to the conclusion about high efficiency and stability of thermal effects of diethyl phosphite as a modifier. Based on granulometric analysis particulate aerosol distribution by size was obtained. Using of the selected modifiers decreases the maximum size of the aerosol particles, which reduces the optical smoke density. Esters of phosphorus acids affect the kinetic parameters of the aerosol. The greatest influence on the reduction of stability of aerosol provides diethyl phosphite. Aerosol formation, has a smaller particle size, occurs when the thermal decomposition of modified wood with thermally stable surface. Thus modifying wood by ethers of phosphorous acid reduces the propensity to smoke ability that determines the decrease of death in case of fire.

The aim of this work was the analysis of intumescent flame retardants of different chemical nature and finding possible ways to improve their flame retardant efficiency. The study of samples of flame retardant materials was performed by the method of synchronous thermal analysis (Nietzsch TO 449 F5 Jupiter®) in an inert atmosphere of argon and in air. During the integrated thermal analysis specimens flame retardant materials of intumescent type of different chemical nature were studied: acrylic organosoluble composition, water-dispersed vinyl acetate paint, organosoluble epoxy composition, a paint based on an organic solvent. The thermograms of flame retardants, obtained in air atmosphere, different from the thermograms in argon. We can see the presence of pronounced exothermic peaks showing the flow of a process of oxidation (combustion) resulting proconsul. Temperatures of the maxima on the curves of differential thermogravimetry (DTG peaks) in an oxidizing atmosphere is displaced in area of smaller values of temperatures. The temperature of the start of expansion of the analyzed materials was 210-220 °C. The rate of loss of mass in an oxidizing atmosphere at 6-15 % higher than in inert. The highest rate of mass loss and, accordingly, the highest intensity of the process of intumescence with the release of gases and formation of foam coke is observed in the temperature range of 300-410 °C. The highest rate of weight loss is shown in water-dispersible vinyl acetate paint, indicating the release of large amounts of gases during the thermal oxidative degradation of flame retardant composition. This material has the lowest value of the coke residue, which is a measure of thermal resistance of foamcoke. Analysis of the results of thermal analysis indicates a relatively high value of the coke residue (28-42 %), especially for organo-diluted epoxy composition. Thus, thermal analysis of intumescent formulations of different chemical nature showed that the fire retardant effectiveness of the best performance are characterized by acrylic and epoxy composition, the worst - water-dispersible vinyl acetate paint. To improve fire resistance performance of the material of the water-dispersed vinyl acetate paint is expedient the introduction of additional stabilizers (e. g., silicon containing compounds) and flame retardants, as well as reinforcement of the structure using an optical fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber, mullite-silica wool and other heat resistant fibrous materials. For improved epoxy composition of the feasibility of introducing components that reduce the flammability of the material, for example, mineral fillers (calcium carbonate, aluminosilicates, graphite, aluminum trihydrate), components with high heat capacity. For all the analyzed flame retardant materials it is possible to recommend the introduction of additional components to reduce the onset temperature of expansion.

Analysis of system for supporting the management of staff operational services in conditions of constant staff reductions while fixing the target tasks of professional main activity is carried out. Existing methods for modeling interaction of personnel organizations of different profiles, as well as specialized software developments, were studied and analyzed. Classification of methods for formalizing interaction of elements microsystems to solve operational problems in form of players agents is carried out. Model and algorithms of developed management support system that can form variants for attracting players agents to personnel structure are presented with allowance for reduction of numerical indicators for fixed target tasks using flexible form rules of preference and utility coefficients. Practical use theory of multi-agent systems in formation of working groups is demonstrated using example of special fire protection units. The developed and formalized model for the formation of justifications for making changes to the regular structure of operational services (under conditions of permanent reductions) directly affects the existing systems of hierarchical management of profile organizations in the form of practical development (information and analytical decision-making system), allows assessing the state of newly created coalitions brigades), forms proposals for rationalization, both in a complex and in a private form, taking into account the current state of the object in general, as well as the alleged interference of external disturbances. The proposed technology theoretically makes it possible to justify the decision-making processes, in practical terms - to form the necessary elements of accompanying consolidated reports of the document management system of profile organizations, and also to lay some foundations for the creation of integrated information systems supporting the management of personnel services of integrated security systems. The developed methods and models were implemented when creating an information system to support the adoption of managerial decisions to coordinate the actions of the staff in substantiating the changes introduced to the staff, creating modules of the system of organization of the accounting system in the conditions of constant personnel changes, as well as a system for diagnosing the status of the formed brigades of operational services.

According to official sources, 24 % of all the problems of workplace injuries in Russian Federation connected with risk of falling from a height. This article presents the comparative analysis of collective fall protection systems (CFPS) and personal fall protection systems (PFPS). It has revealed advantages of CFPS over PFPS by labor productivity. Besides, using CFPS has provided the full mobility of worker and has prevented risk of falling from a height not only for one person, but for all people staying on a platform. The question of relevant application of such CFPS as temporary edge protection systems on building sites is considered and the Russian State standard GOST 12.4.059-89 “Occupational safety standards system. Construction. Protective inventory safeguards” is analyzed. The aim of this work is to actualize systematization of the dynamic test methods for temporary edge protection systems on the territory of the Russian Federation. According to analysis of current State standard - GOST 12.4.059-89 - it has been proposed a number of changes: § to use a sign marking with alternating red and white stripes as prescribed by GOST 12.4.026-2015 “Occupational safety standards system. Safety colours, safety signs and signal marking. Purpose and rules of application. General technical requirements and characteristics. Methods of tests” instead of signal barriers; § to apply temporary edge protection systems performing both protective and safety functions; § to classify such constructions due to angle of the working surface from the horizontal and the limited fall height. The “Test methods” section includes technical requirements to Class B systems and appropriate test methods. Results of static tests have shown that all the samples of edge protection systems could withstand the required static load, and values of deflections did not exceed the maximum permissible. Dynamic tests have shown that impact on guardrail posts did not lead to penetration of a test load and deterioration of characteristics of posts, and it was not necessary to correct the position of protective system elements. The conclusion is that the area of dynamic loads on temporary edge protection systems is need to be study more comprehensively taking into account accidental situations connected with risk of falling from a height. And that the actualization of standards that define requirements and test methods of dynamic load should increase the high-rise work safety using temporary edge protection system

Oil and gas pipelines require systematic supervision and control in order to ensure their safe exploitation, even more so during spring/autumn/summer thawing, freezing and flooding seasons when soil deformation is at its highest. In the article, several ways of Earth’s surface space monitoring are considered. It’s pointed out that infrared sounding appears to be the most promising method of space monitoring the condition of main and production pipelines. It’s due to infrared sounding’s unique capability to detect pipeline’s construction flaws and breaches. However, thermal imaging systems are still in need of significant development, due to high noise and low image contrast levels. As of present time, there are no universally applicable filters, capable of detecting and suppressing all types and levels of noise. Further development in this sphere requires broadening of the arsenal of algorithmic processing facilities, which remains insufficient. The quality of thermal imaging depends on temperature distribution on the surface of the examined object as well as characteristics and parameters of thermal imaging systems themselves. The variety of parameters in photosensitive elements of photodetective device’s matrix leads to the appearance of so-called geometric noises in thermal imaging devices. Correction of geometrical noises in thermal imaging systems is one of the key problems. The approach to the solution of this problem is considered in the article.

Practice of application has shown that foaming agents should have predetermined properties. Introduction of special additives to composition of foaming agents allows increasing resistance of fire extinguishing foams to various negative impacts, preventing their destruction. Extinguishing fires of oil and oil products in winter time is difficult due to the low frost resistance of aqueous work solutions, which are directly used to generate the foam. Increasing of frost resistance of aqueous solutions can be reached at the expense of additives of ethylene glycol or inorganic salts. The high content of organic components makes aqueous solutions combustible therefore preference is given to inorganic salts. The most affordable salts are ammonium chloride and aluminium sulphates. If operating conditions require expeditious application of foam generated from work solutions have to be stored in any containers (for example, in fire extinguishers) then aqueous solutions should contain up to 25 % mass of inorganic salt. Dependence of spreading coefficient of aqueous salt solution flowing over the surface of heptane on concentration of foaming agent with ammonium chloride has determined in this article. According to obtained results of measurements, the value of spreading coefficient of fuel flowing over solution increases and the interfacial tension sharply decreases from 2.0 to 0.1 mN/m. The results of experiments have shown that spreading coefficient of foaming agent has the positive values for solutions with concentration of 1.0 % and higher. At such values spreading of aqueous solution over the surface of heptane become spontaneous. The results of systematic experimental studies of flame suppression process in the course of oil extinguishing, by feeding the foam into the bottom of tank, are given. Dependence of extinguishing time of the heptane on flow rate of the foam generated from aqueous salt solution is defined. It has been ascertained that addition of ammonium chloride decreases solidifying temperature of foaming agent solution and increases extinguishing time that leads to increased value of the minimum specific consumption of work solution and the optimum flow rate of foam.

The main differences in the terminology of cables used to ensure the safe operation of various fire protection systems are considered. The analysis of existing normative documents on fire safety requirements for cable products is conducted. Examples of various ways of reducing the flammability of cables are presented. The definitions of similar terms are given and the permissible variants of their application in practice are established. The main differences between fire-resistant cables and non-burning cables are indicated.