One of the locomotives for the development of the construction industry as a whole is the area of high-rise construction. Often, it is in the process of implementing high-rise buildings that the search for and approbation of innovative design solutions, engineering systems and technical communications, and modern building materials is carried out. The main problem that prevents the implementation of high-rise buildings is the lack of regulatory and technical documents that meet the requirements of the current level of development of the construction industry. This problem is one of the reasons for the emergence of administrative barriers, increasing costs and timing of preparation of project documentation for high-rise buildings, obstacles to the introduction of innovative technologies and engineering systems. The proposed content and filling with regulatory requirements, currently being developed codes of rules for the design of high-rise buildings and complexes, including in terms of providing fire safety, is a concern of the professional community. Filling the regulatory requirements and provisions, newly developed documents of the domestic regulatory framework, is not progressive enough and lags behind the level of proposed solutions of similar international standards for the design of high-rise buildings. In contrast to international standards, there is no requirement and provision for evacuation (rescue) of people in case of fire and man-made accidents from high-rise buildings and complexes by specialized mechanical means of internal transport. The relevance of this article is due to the need to introduce changes and additions to the evacuation of people in high-rise buildings and complexes with the help of specialized mechanical means of internal transport. This procedure is possible in view of the fact that the set of rules “Buildings and high-rise complexes. Fire Safety Requirements”, not approved, currently under discussion.

In the conditions of the modern economic growth, the urgency of the reliable functioning of the computer- aided system of industrial enterprises, which are critical for the Russian economy, is growing. The computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems now play a key role in the structure of computer- aided system. At the same time, they are a superfast system that can detect overpressure of explosive process units within 0.1 microseconds. In this case, it is possible to carry out a real-time pressure relief to protect the technological equipment from destruction and the personnel of the enterprise from destruction. Computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems are part of computer-aided systems of technological processes. Value of operating frequency of system bus of these systems is approximately 100 MHz. So, sustainability assessment function of information transfer channel is important scientific and technical problem. There is mathematical model of assessment of the stability of information transfer channels in the article. This model is based on scientific, theoretical and mathematical models of E. Rouse and on entropy methods of A. Wilson. Simulation was carried out of reliability of information transfer channels for various options for building these systems. It is shown that an integrated approach based on the use of a single hardware/ software platform of a microprocessor platform can be used to optimize the single of creating an ASP. Potential destabilizing effects have a negative impact on the sustainability of the work of ASIA. Under these conditions, the amount of information sharply increases in the system. And the model of estimating the entropy will allow the reliability of the automated system as a whole to depend.

The data given in the article indicate that vehicle fires belong to super severe accidents therefore the problem of improving the fire safety of vehicles is very relevant. In particular, Reuters reports that the German car concern Daimler has recalled 1 million new Mercedes-Benz models around the world in 2017 due to the risk of ignition caused by defective fuses. Daimler note in their report that in total 51 cases of fire have been recorded consequently car production and sale are suspended. These are the reasons why development of fire prevention actions for cars is of high importance. Fire investigation is one of the preventive actions. The article reports that the overwhelming number of firefighting experts’ findings concerning the technical routes of car fires is of a presumable (probabilistic) nature. This does not allow developing and implementing specific engineering solutions. This can be explained by many reasons including the lack of scientifically based methods. In detail, the problem of identifying the electric arc or thermal processes that cause destruction of a car fuse conductor or fuse strip has not been unequivocally solved despite the fact that attempts to solve this problem using instrumental control have been undertaken by criminologists since the fifties of the last century and there is a number of particular solutions. The article provides findings of the car fuse strip sample examination at the JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope for 12 V electric circuit exposed to external high temperature and current overload. It also gives images of the strip fused surface for car fuses made of copper, zinc, aluminum, and those exposed to the overload current and high temperature. The typical diagnostic features in the form of wave-like inflows and micro-fusing have been found. They are used to identify the cause of fire damage (high temperature, current overload) of fuse strips in the 12 V electrical circuit. It has been found that the revealed features are stable and they are not subject to any changes in the natural storage conditions of a car damaged by thermal exposure. The data given in the article can be used by experts when examining fuse strips taken from the locations of vehicle fires, determining the nature of their damage and, ultimately, finding the cause of the car fire.

Tanks, pipelines and other items are often made using heat insulation from mineral wool, which is made of non-organic fibers and binding to provide operational properties, including hydrophobic property related to water. However this technology does not protect from wetting by many other fluids and mineral is good in absorbing oil, petroleum products (motor oils, lubricants, solvents, anti-freezes etc.). This is why fire safety of combustible fluids spill on building structures with heat insulating layer from mineral wool is connected with possible fire spreading. In order to study conditions under which spill fire is developed along vertical structures of cylindrical oil and oil products tanks, fire tests and experiments were conducted on cold hydraulic rig. For physical modeling of the accident and spill fire, heat insulating layer gasoline and motor oil dip were used. Depending on the location of tank shell relative to heat insulating layer, fire propagation in the ventilated gap and smoldering without gap were studied. For all constructive solutions a certain heat effect was observed, but it has been indicated that concealed burning propagation is the ultimate danger. Data for the evaluation of the residual content of petroleum products in the heat insulating layer depending on the time after spill fire accident was obtained, this data is suggested to be used to forecast duration and intensity of spill fire. Factors characterizing product viscosity of petroleum product and dependence of viscosity from temperature were referred to as dominant. Signs of petroleum products distillation and rectification processes, which may accompany vertical spill fire and facilitate to the propagation of combustion of gaseous products in the top of heat insulating layer as well as combustion of heavy fractions in its lower part. Conclusions were drawn that with timely cessation of spill accident, desorption process significantly reduces fire load on heat insulating layer, but ignition hazard is present for a long time, especially in the cases when mineral wool is impregnated with viscous oil products. It was also noted, that increase in temperature during spill fire leads to the decrease in oil products viscosity, with which mineral wool is impregnated, and as a result desorption is enhanced, leakage of flammable liquid speeds up and transition of vertical spill fire into horizontal becomes more probable.

Practice shows that the depressurization of railway tank LPG is observed after 18 to 22 minutes from the moment of entering the fire burning, despite the fact that the walls of the vessels tank have a thickness of about 22-25 mm. The aim of this work was to study the behavior of the model of the vessels tank in the center of combustion by the action of powerful heat flow and the development of means of preventing its destruction. As a rule, to ensure fire safety is used or the method of heat-and-fire protection or discharge gas from the vessel tank. However, of interest is the combination of these methods of fire safety for vessels with LPG. The experimental investigations of various methods for fire protection of vessels with LPG (safety relief valves, intumescent fire retardant coatings, thermal isolation) have been executed. The experiments have been carried out, in order to investigate the behaviour of the vessels of volume of 50 dm³ with LPG at the total fire engulfment. These vessels were equipped with the fire protection tools mentioned above. It has been found that the safety relief valves can prevent explosions of the vessels with LPG at their engulfment by the pool fire even without any other protective measures. The intumescent fire retardant coating or the thermal isolation reduce significantly a pressure rise rate and give the remarkable delay of the time moment when the safety relief valves begin to operate. A reasonably good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data was obtained. It has been revealed that the proposed fire protection tools are promising for prevention of explosions of LPG tanks at their engulfment by fires. Experimental and theoretical studies of the behavior of “non-wetting” shell of LPG tank. It is shown that the presence of the shell of the railway tank fire-retardant coatings can effectively reduce the influence of heat flux on the metal shell of the tank. Investigated experimentally and theoretically field thermal deformation of the metal plate without and with the application of intumescent fire protective coatings. Experiment on effects of heat flow on a metal plate simulated the thermal effect on the dry shell model rail cars. The results indicate the prospects of the considered methods of fire protection to prevent explosions of the LPG tanks fire, in particular, of boilers railway tank cars with LPG.

According to the normative documents and normative legal acts on fire safety existing in Russian Federations, each building or a construction has to have the space-planning solution and design of evacuation ways providing safe evacuation of people at the fire. Safe evacuation of people from buildings and constructions at the fire is considered provided if time interval from the moment of detection of the fire before completion of process of evacuation of people in a safe zone doesn’t exceed necessary time of evacuation of people at the fire. People begin to be evacuated from the building at the fire later some period which is called time of the beginning of evacuation. This size represents set of “technical” and “psychophysical” components. One of “technical” parts is fire detection time. Conclusion about safe evacuation of people from the building or the value of probability of evacuation of people is defined proceeding from calculation methods in which time of detection of the fire isn’t considered in an explicit form. The purpose of the offered work is fire detection time assessment as period from the beginning of the fire before his detection by means of fire alarm equipment (before achievement of threshold values for fire detectors), on the basis of the modern program complexes used for modeling of dynamics of the fire. It is established that the growth rate of development of the fire is the defining factor influencing both for the period of fire detection and for necessary time of evacuation in general. Not accounting of time of detection of the fire as derivative of growth rate of development of the fire, on the basis of calculation methods, can lead as to increase in necessary time of evacuation, and reduction of time of the beginning of evacuation that in turn involves unauthenticity of the received results.

Ensuring the implementation in the projection of numerical values the established safety criteria for people when they are evacuated from health facilities in a fire, during natural emergencies and during daily operation requires a careful analysis of the process of formation of human flows on the original sections of the communication paths of the floor and their further movement. At the same time, it is necessary to eliminate the erroneous interpretation technique of time of the beginning of the evacuation as the moment of simultaneous evacuation of people from the premises, because it leads to an inappropriate reality of overestimating the amount of flows, which does not allow to analyze the fulfillment of safety criteria. This analysis should be carried out taking into account the physical capabilities of people in the buildings of medical institutions and the changes of their emotional state in accordance with the situation. The results of training evacuations from the buildings of medical institutions show extremely limited opportunities for the successful independent evacuation of people with limited physical capabilities (for various reasons) and the necessity of conducting of a large amount of rescue activities by personnel to ensure the safety of people who are unable to evacuate on their own. These results dictate the practical necessity of using elevator systems for evacuation of people at the beginning of a fire, and not only in the normal operation of buildings. This actualizes the development of elevators for independent use by people during a fire with fire-technical characteristics equivalent to elevators for transportation of fire departments. The modern direction of measures, which are increase the fire safety of buildings of medical institutions as editions of other classes of functional fire danger, is connected with the development of modern automatic fire extinguishing and fire protection systems, allowing to increase the time of safe stay of people with any degree of restriction of their physical capabilities, the number of which in recent decades has increased dramatically in the whole world.

The main differences in the terminology of cables used to ensure the safe operation of various fire protection systems are considered. The analysis of existing normative documents on fire safety requirements for cable products is conducted. Examples of various ways of reducing the flammability of cables are presented. The definitions of similar terms are given and the permissible variants of their application in practice are established. The main differences between fire-resistant cables and non-burning cables are indicated.