The choice is justified for the values of specific carbon monoxide formation coefficient and the specific mass gasification rate required for mathematical modeling of the parameters and heat impact of running crowning forest fires on the power engineering facilities in Vietnam. The results of an experimental study of the combustion process of wood pulp samples of the trunks of the most common hardwood and coniferous trees of Vietnam are presented. For the flaming combustion, the experimental dependences of the specific carbon monoxide emission coefficient and the specific mass gasification rate on the time period of testing of wood samples were obtained. A comparison of the average values of these parameters with the data given in the literature was carried out. It is shown that the average experimental values of the specific mass gasification rate of all wood samples in terms of time are in the range between the corresponding values for coniferous and hardwood trees listed in the fire load database by Yu. A. Koshmarov.

Introduction. Beginning this paper considers the important measures determining the state of integrated security of facilities of the fuel and energy complex. It says about necessity regular equipment diagnostics of automated process control system (APCS). There is a serious risk of unforced human error. So it says about special automated systems of fire and explosion safety such as means of control of APCS. It is necessary to keep in mind that automated system of fire and explosion protection (ASFEP) is a part automated control system of technological process. The study aims to build a mathematical model of comprehensive safety of objects of fuel and energy complex in APCS. A special evaluation function was chosen. This function is the dependence of the detector on the vector of controlling purposes. The method of assessing the reliability of ASFEP is described using the vector of planning purposes. Methodology. Diagnostic fire prevention events are described. Besides their specificities and frequency are mentioned. It was agreed that implementing of digital twin depend to foreign technologies significantly. This fact actually affects of a sustainability of manufacturing process at facilities of the fuel and energy complex. To study the integrated security in the APCS a mathematical model was built. A detector is an important object constructed model. The corresponding function is formed for connection of detectors operation with stabilizing procedures. The criteria for assessing the reliability of the equipment of the first level of APCS were determined. The local and integral quality indicators are presented. In addition the vector of planning purposes is considered for assessing the reliability of automated system of fire and explosion protection. Results. It is important to analyze the local indicators separately. As an example the resource indicator of quality is described. This example leads to an important conclusion about special conditions of functioning of the equipment. The possibility of using the methodology of strategic planning as a part of information and analytical system for increase of reliability and survivability of APCS is shown. Conclusion. The paper concludes that the tools of strategic planning as a subsystems of automated system of fire and explosion protection are able to provide the necessary diagnostics of the equipment of the first level of informing the decision-maker.

Purpose. The purpose and objective of the study is to develop an algorithm for the organizational design of the garrison of the city fire department. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the existing theory of modeling fire services. So far, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, there have been no studies on the development of scientifically based standards for the design of fire fighting units. Results. According to the above algorithm for determining the required number of fire trucks, fire depots and personnel, it was established that with an average time to the place of a call in 3 minutes, a large number of fire departments will be required to ensure the fire safety of the city. At the same time, on average, one unit will have from 3 to 10 visits per year, which is not economically feasible. The optimal travel time to the place of call in cities should be on average 7 minutes, and 14 minutes for a settlement. The maximum travel time to the call site will be 18 minutes in cities and rural areas 28 minutes, which will be economically viable. Scope of scientific results. The obtained results can be used in the development of regulatory acts in the field of design of fire fighting units of cities and settlements, as well as local executive bodies and authorized bodies in the field of fire safety in the development of appropriate management decisions on the design of fire services. Conclusion. The analysis of regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of design of fire-fighting units showed that these norms are borrowed in the boundary camps and do not have scientific justification. In order to improve the fire safety of cities and towns of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of the country, the most optimal time to the call site in cities is determined, which is 7 minutes.

Introduction. The data covered in the present article evidence that a problem of improvement of fire safety of motor vehicles is very important. The aim of the article is to develop a scientifically-based method of examination of copper contact plates of car fuse blocks, which could be employed during fire-technical examination in order to identify causes of their damages. Materials and methodology. Researches have been conducted with the use of JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope equipped with an add-on device for energy dispersive spectroscopy. Surfaces of failure of parts of the copper contact plate of the car fuse block have been analyzed without prior sample preparation. Results and discussion. Based on analysis of practical data it has been proven that temperature of fire of a light motor vehicle in the range of 850-950 °C does not cause change in form of the copper contact plate of the car fuse block. It has been shown in a laboratory environment that contacts of the copper plate of the car fuse block have signs of overcurrent flow caused by high transient resistance. Transient resistance, in turn, is caused by inadmissible copper - zinc galvanic pair. The paper provides results of examination of parts of the copper contact plate of the car fuse block, which have different modes of failure. It has been proven that not only nominal value of current intensity shall be used for selection of car fuses, but also material of manufacture. Conclusion. A method of differentiation of failures caused by fire (high-temperature impact, arc process) of the copper contact plate of the car fuse block has been proposed. The arc process is characterized by such indicators as straight or beveled cut, craters, swelling, ball-like meltback, or mass-transfer. It has been determined that signs identified at surfaces of failure of the copper contact plate of the car fuse block are persistent and are not exposed to changes under natural conditions of storage. The information given in the article could be useful for specialists performing expert studies of car copper contact plates sampled from places of fires of motor vehicles, for identification of nature of their failures and, eventually, for identification of causes of fires of motor vehicles.

Introduction. It is known that the calculation of the parameters of uncontrolled combustion is very difficult because of its spontaneity and disordered forms. Therefore, they resort to the modeling of combustion on the basis of known geometric shapes. For example, for a strait fire the burning area is modeled in the form of a rectangle, when burning a torch - in the form of a circle, when igniting a tank with LVZh, GZh or LNG - in the form of a “fireball”, etc. Methodology. Models of the fire to the main gas pipeline (MG) in accordance with the recommendations of STO Gazprom 2-2.3-351-2009 is a vertical solid cylinder to fire column type (scenario C1) and two against solid-opalone directed truncated cones for jet-type combustion (scenario C2). However, there are no systematic methods of quantitative assessment of the intensity of thermal effects and geometric construction of heat affected zones in case of fires at MG in the existing regulations. This gap explains the relevance of this article, which presents methods for determining the emissivity of heat fluxes at ground level for fires scenarios C1 and C2 and justified methods of geometric construction of zones of thermal danger in the vicinity of the burning flame column or two oppositely directed burning jets. A numerical example of the calculation of thermal parameters for the construction of geometric shapes of heat affected zones is given and the illustrations of their graphical execution are presented. Conclusion. The method of construction of models of heat affected zones is put in the subsequent basis for the development of the software product “Expert system “Fire Analyst”, which provides operational monitoring of the level of potential fire risk operated by MG in the “online” mode.

Introduction. In this study in accordance with the main principles of a probabilistic approach a method for a determination of required fire resistance limits of building structures of industrial objects was proposed. This method is based on a comparison of such random values as the fire resistance limits and the times required for an evacuation and a rescue. This method is particularly useful for external installation (for example pipe racks) of oil and gas plants. Methods. A new probabilistic method for a determination of required fire resistance limits of building structures of industrial objects is proposed, which differs from that presented in GOST R 12.3.047-2012. The method is based on a comparison of distribution functions for such random values as an evacuation time, a time required for a rescue and fire resistance limits and differs from the method described in GOST R 12.3.047-2012, in which an equivalent fire duration and the fire resistance limits are compared. The proposed method takes into account that an owner of the object can risk of his property at an undoubtedly execution of requirements of a safety of people in the case of the fire (both personnel and people living near the object). These requirements are stated in a common in the article 6 of the Federal law on 22.07.2008 No. 123-FZ “On a technical regulation of a fire safety in Russian Federation”. Results. The method was tested for the cases of the evacuation and the rescue of people. It was mentioned that for an application of the proposed method the following input data are required: the required reliability of the building structures, the evacuation time and its standard deviation of a distribution, the time required for the rescue and its standard deviation of a distribution, the standard deviation of a distribution of the fire resistance limit. Conclusion. In this study a new method for an evaluation of the required fire resistance limits of the building structures of industrial objects was proposed which is mostly applicable for the external technological installation (for example pipe racks) of oil and gas plants. The required reliability of the building structures is stated by a directive way. The evacuation time can be evaluated by the methods described in normative documents. But for other values either an analysis of statistical data is required (for the case of the standard deviation of the distribution of the fire resistance limit) or large scale experiments (the standard deviations of the distributions of the evacuation time and the time required for the rescue) should be performed.

Introduction. The structure of the management system of forces and means of fire-fighting units in fire fighting is presented as structure consisting of the managing and managed subsystems. Forces and means are represented by positions on fire fighting and ensuring actions of fire extinguishing. Methods. The expedient ways of entering forces and means of fire units to extinguish fires in buildings of low fire resistance are: 1) escape routes, places of common use; 2) premises of the building located on the way of fire spread; 3) attic. Experiments on the action of units of gas and smoke protective service and simulation results of the development of dangerous fire factors indicate a decline in the ability of units to influence the combustion zone with an increase in parameters of the fire. The experiments on the creation of positions with the use of special fire trucks in fire fighting showed the expediency of their integration into the system of management at the initial stage of fire fighting. In the course of the experiment, manual fire rods (RSKZ-70) and fire rods were used to supply liquid fire extinguishing substances in the form of water curtains (SPVZ) (not involving the personnel at height). Results and discussion. The actual intensity of supply of fire extinguishing agents provided by the SPVZ rod was experimentally established. The conditions of the creation of the system of management corresponding to the situation at fire are presented. The results of the comparative deployments of units on the fire rescue vehicle and a fire truck with a ladder with a supply of fire-rods are given. Conclusions. The distribution of forces and means of units at the positions, with their maximum involvement, contributes to the fulfillment of the conditions of localization of the fire and reduces deployment time of incoming units.

Normative documents on design of automatic fire extinguishing installations (AFEI) and installation of standpipe and hose systems (ISHS) in relation to preschool educational (PEO) and general education (GEO) organizations are considered. It is noted that the design of PEO and GEO should be carried out according to SP 251.1325800.2016 and SP 252.1325800.2016. However, no specific instructions or requirements are given. Explains the reasons for which are still institutions are not protected neither AFEI nor ISHS. Available local applications of AFEI or sprinkler water curtains and the alternatives for fire protection, schools, nurseries, economical fire taps.

The normative documents regulating the procedure for assessing the category of premises on explosion and fire hazards are considered. The features of the definition of the category of gas boiler room are noted. Examples of calculations of the most important characteristics affecting the choice of category are presented. Various variants of interpretations of the norms leading to their different interpretation by experts are indicated.