Introduction. One of the widely used methods of localizing the distribution of grassroots foci of forest burning is to create specialized barrier strips in the form of a moistened layer of forest fuel material. Water spray systems are traditionally used for soaking up such strips. Often, experts formulate hypotheses about the possible increase in the effectiveness of the use of such bands through the use of specialized aqueous formulations. However, experimental results, which substantiate such hypotheses, are still insufficient.

Methods. Attempts were made to equalize the mechanisms, conditions, and characteristics of the localization of the suppression of combustion of typical forest combustible materials (needles, leaves, their mixture) through the use of water without additives, as well as formulations based on the common impurities in firefighting in the moistening of barrier strips in this work. Wetting, flame retardant and extinguishing additives were used.

Results. Experimental quantitative results illustrating the differences between the times, liquid volumes and specific costs necessary and sufficient to localize the burning of different types of materials due to the application of barrier strips have been obtained.

Discussion. Sufficiently significant differences in the main characteristics of the process of localization of flaming combustion and pyrolysis of typical FFM with the use of water and aqueous formulations with typical additives for firefighting practice have been established. The minimum time of localization of combustion is established for the composition with the addition of bentonite. Minimal volumes of liquid composition with the addition of bentonite in comparison with bischofite and foaming agent are also registered.

Conclusions. The results of the experiments can be used to select the parameters and schemes for the formation of barrier strips to provide the required conditions for the localization of combustion in real practice for different volumes of pyrolysing material.

 

Introduction. In order to reduce the fire hazard of textile materials (TM), scientific research is being carried out for the development of various methods of their fire protection. One of the directions in the field of decorative finishing TM with reduced flammability is their surface treatment with fire retardant compositions. Along with the development of fire retardants for TM, it is quite legitimate to study the effects of tissue on human skin, when in contact.

Methods. At the stage of development of fire retardant compositions for surface treatment and the choice of the technology of their application, it is necessary to take into account the functional purpose of the TM, the scope of application and operational requirements.

Discussion. In developing a fire retardant composition for surface treatment of TM that are in contact with human skin, the authors proposed the use of a number of phosphorus-containing compounds, which are effective fire retardants. However, a significant disadvantage of such compounds is their instability, decomposition and dissociation over time, which leads to irritation of the skin in direct contact with the material. Therefore, research has been carried out and optimal chemical compositions of stabilizers, buffer solutions and their ratios in the fire retardant have been selected. Their use for surface treatment of TM on acellulosic basis makes the TM resistant to ignition and does not adversely affect the skin of a person in direct contact.

Conclusions. Based on the experimental data obtained, it follows that one of the possible ways to solve the problem of developing effective fire protection means that meet the requirements of normative documents in the field of fire safety and sanitary hygiene may be modification of compounds based on carbamide compounds with the selection of appropriate stabilizers and buffer solutions.

Introduction. The work is devoted to the results of many years of research to ensure the fire and explosion safety of tanks for liquefied petroleum gases, conducted by the Moscow state University of Railways (MIIT), together with other organizations.

Methods. On the basis of statistical data, the main scenarios of emergency situations were determined.

Experimental and theoretical studies of the behavior of tanks under emergency conditions associated with dynamic and thermal effects were carried out. Numerous experiments were carried out both on full-scale samples and on models using the theory of similarity. The results of the ex¬periments are used both for verification of theoretical models and for specification of parameters of the calculation schemes.

The mathematical models developed in the framework of theoretical research were implemented in the form of a package of computer programs and used later to select the parameters of the means of protection.

Results. In terms of protection against thermal effects, the following were proposed: safety valves, fire-retardant coatings, upgraded versions of control, drain and safety valves using design solutions adopted in nuclear engineering. In particular, the use of fire-resistant coatings SGKprovides an increase of 2.5-3.5 times the time of the accident-free stay of the tank in the fire.

A new layout of the drain-filling pipes is recommended, which significantly reduces the proba¬bility of breakage of the elements of the drain-filling fittings. The design of safety arcs and nodes for connection of arc elements with the shell is proposed.

Conclusion. On the basis of the whole complex of the conducted researches the family of tanks for the transportation of liquefied hydrocarbon gases was developed, the production of which was carried out at the enterprises of Russia, Ukraine, Japan, Poland.

However, there is a problem of contradictions in the regulatory documentation on the issues of fire and explosion safety of tanks, which requires the formation of a unified technical policy in this area.

As a result of statistical data analysis on fires and accidents that occurred on power facilities, specific features have been identified for suppressing such fires. One of them is exposure of persons participating in firefighting to hazardous factors and associated events. This results in interruption of fire suppression, as people and equipment have to be removed to a safe area. In order to ensure fire suppression in a hazardous environment, it is proposed to use mobile fire suppression robots that are capable of operating under the conditions considered. Technical specifications of mobile robots, that largely determine their operational efficiency, have been evaluated and substantiated. Technical requirements have been specified and used as the basis for developing a prototype of the mobile robotic fire suppression unit designed for application at power facilities. Robotic fire suppression unit tactical capabilities have been assessed under the given conditions, with a favorable result.

Introduction. A brief analysis of catastrophic fires and explosions on the offshore oil platform, ships and vessels is performed. It’s shown the relevance of the qualitative improvement of marine fire equipment. Analysis of modern fire fighting systems on vessels, ships: sprinkler, deluge, gas and pneumatic-impulse fire extinguishing systems is carried out. It’s substantiated new equipment for upgrading existing systems — subsystems of multi-module pulse, vortex combined quenching for the protection of ships, vessels, tankers, offshore oil platforms. The choice of the arrangement of modules based on the results of polygon tests is described. There are created systems of modules for the upper decks, engine rooms, holds, corridors, gangways, sections, electrical cabinets, etc.

The modules create gas-water squalls, gas-powder vortices that extinguish all fires and continuous fires in all or part of the compartment and deck in seconds. The participation of pilot modules in operations for eliminating the consequences of disasters in hard-to-reach zones of collapses, with high levels of radioactive and toxic contamination in emergency locations is described.

Description and analysis of experiments. The recommendations on the use of multi-barrel modules based on the analysis of experiments on the creation of fine-dispersed water squalls for extinguishing developed fires of classes A, B, C, F, the inhibition of explosive vapor-air clouds, the deposition and detoxification of gas-air clouds of ammonia and chlorine are substantiated and developed. The localization and liquidation of oil and oil products are described. The possibility of reducing the cost of liquidation of 1 sq m of bottling from $ 20-40 to $ 1-3 is shown, and reducing the time for liquidation of bottles to 5-10 times, which in a more multiple degree will reduce material and environmental losses from oil bottling.

Conclusion. The advantages of introducing new technology and techniques for eliminating the consequences of accidents at sea and preventing their development into a catastrophe are summarized.

Fire safety requirements for buildings with a massive stay of people are considered. The information on the features of the assignment of protection objects to buildings and premises with a massive stay of people is presented. An analysis of the normative literature is made and explanations are given on the order of application of existing terms and definitions in estimating the number of people in the building's premises. The inconsistencies in the existing fire safety requirements for the above protection objects are noted.