It has been observed, that resonant combustion may develop in gas explosions taking place in chambers with light relief panel after the panel is removed. It has been noted, that initiation of the resonant combustion coincides with the moment of the combustion wave approaching the chamber walls. It has been found out that the location of the ignition point has a great influence over the oscillation intensity: when the ignition happens closer to the center of the chamber, the amplitude increases and may reach the values that are from 5 to 10 times higher than the panel removal pressure, thus signifying the resonant combustion as a highly hazardous factor.

Introduction. Heat and mass transfer through open holes is influenced significantly by the temperature distribution over the height of the premise. In the first approximation in the integral model of calculating the dynamics of dangerous fire factors, the temperature along the height of the premise is assumed to be constant and equal to its average volume value. However, the temperature varies significantly along height, and the distribution of pressures along the height inside the premise is not linear. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further experimental and theoretical studies of the influence of the inhomogeneity of the temperature field inside the premise on the parameters of heat and mass transfer through the openings.

Goals and objectives. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate experimentally and theoretically the influence of the inhomogeneity of the temperature distribution along the height of the premise upon the height of the neutral plane. To achieve this, we used the formula for the temperature distribution along the altitude, which includes the empirical coefficient of the inhomogeneity of the tempera ture field. Experimental studies were carried out that made it possible to refine the above-mentioned coefficient and determine the position of the plane of equal pressures at the initial stage of the fire.

Methods. A theoretical method for calculating the temperature distribution over the height of the premise and the height of the neutral plane is used, as well as an experimental method for studying heat and mass transfer in a small experimental installation.

Results. Experimental dependences of the temperature distribution along the height of the experi Mental volume at different times and the height of the plane of equal pressures on time are obtained. A comparison is made between experimental data and the theoretical temperature distributions along the height obtained with and without allowance for temperature inhomogeneity. The existence of two planes of equal pressures at the initial stage of the fire is experimentally confirmed. It is shown that for a reliable justification of the response time of fire temperature detectors it is necessary to take into account the inhomogeneity of temperature along the height of the premise.

Conclusion. The temperature distribution along the height of the premise, taking into account the inhomogeneity of the temperature field, is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The above dependence allows us to justify the simultaneous existence of two planes of equal pressures, which has been experimentally confirmed for the initial stage of a fire in a pilot installation.

The main requirements regulating the fire-safe application of plastics in construction, industry and transport were specified. The issues of the methodology for assessing polymeric materials (PM) fire protection efficiency in compliance with the existing normative and technical base were considered. It was demonstrated that, depending on the field of application and the functional purpose, various requirements are imposed on PMs as related to fire protection efficiency. It was established that, using comparative information on the processes of destruction and thermal decomposition of PMs in the presence of various flame retardants and their resistance to fire effect, it is reasonably likely to predict the behavior of a polymer composition under standard testing conditions. The results of experimental studies on the development of low combustible polymers were presented. The extreme relevance of studying the possibility of correlating the flammability parameters using small-scale and large-scale test methods for the development of the compositions presenting low fire hazards was found. The conclusions on the advisability of developing an integrated approach to the assessment of fire hazard properties of flame-retardant polymers at their laboratory production stage were drawn.

Introduction. One of the main trends in the sustainable development of the national economy is an increase in the energy efficiency of processes and industries, fire and industrial safety, rational use of natural resources, and reduction of negative man-made impact. A method for improving energy efficiency and predictive reliability is exergy analysis. However, it is not enough specified for fire safety.

Theoretical basis. Exergy is a thermodynamic concept, used for many years within engineering analysis of chemical and mechanical processes and systems. In modern science the concept of exergy is associated with efficiency, economy, and environmental feasibility. However, exergy analysis is practically does not affect issues related to fire safety.

Result and discussion. Consider the possibility of using an exergy approach to assess the fire danger of rail transport. At first we establish relationships between thermodynamic characteristics and fire and explosion hazard ratio. The objects of research are hydrocarbons, which are the main components of liquid and gaseous fuels.

Exergy is considered as one of the conditions for the occurrence of a fire.

We have determined the dependencies between the specific chemical exergy and the fire and explosion hazard ratio of substances for railway transport. Specific chemical exergy was found from literature sources.

Lower heat of combustion, flash point, temperature limits of flame propagation, concentration limits of flame propagation parameters were considered. Formulas for calculation are proposed. The correlation of determination R2 was calculated (from 0.950 to 0.999).

Using the exergy method of analysis has some preference for fire safety.

Conclusions. The offered approach allows to consider in a complex way the questions of energy-ecological efficiency and fire danger of cargo transportations of a railway transportation. It also makes it possible to identify the links between thermodynamic characteristics and technical, economic and environmental indicators and to assess the fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials for railway transport. The obtained dependences allow to rank substances of fuel and energy purpose in terms of their energy efficiency and fire hazard.

Introduction. The oil and gas industry plays a key role in the Russian economy. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure the safety of facilities in this industry, in particular the fire safety of oil refineries. Computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems play an important role in protecting objects and detecting fires on them. At the same time, a key element in these systems is special software and the success of the computer-aided fire-explosion safety system depends on it. Since the software is developed and operated by a person, there is a scientific and technical problem, which is expressed in determining the function of human influence on the special software of computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems.

The work purpose is to assess the impact of human (programmer) on the stability of special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems of oil refineries.

Methods. The article presents a model of human impact assessment on the stability of special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems. The model is based on the methods of system analysis and object-oriented programming.

Results. A mathematical model of human impact assessment on the stability of special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems is developed. This model allows us to obtain a formula for quantitative evaluation of the function of human influence on special software in its synthesis.

Discussion. The article shows that the reduction of human (programmer) influence on the stability of special software of computer-aided fire and explosion safety systems lies in the plane of increasing the number of reusable elements—the basic elements of programs for the synthesis of single software systems. The reduction of influence is also achieved if such elements are created separately from the synthesis of single software systems on a particular tool.

Conclusions. The results obtained by the authors can be used to assess the impact of human (programmer) on the stability of special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems of oil refineries. In the synthesis of single software systems it is necessary to repeatedly use the basic elements of the programs. At the same time, the human impact on the stability in the synthesis of new versions of special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems will be significantly lower.

Introduction. This paper considers the analysis of features of creation and functioning of the special software in the automated systems of fire and explosion safety. There is generalized structure of the automated systems of fire and explosion safety in the introduction: the automated system of prevention of fires and explosions, the automated system of fire and explosion protection, the automated system of general purpose. It is necessary to keep in mind that automated system of fire and explosion protection is a part automated control system of technological process.

Methodology. The features of synthesis of special software for automated fire and explosion safety systems for ensuring stable operation of special software are studied and analyzed. The features of division of complex software products into single software systems are given. Single software systems must perform certain functions of operators of the automated system of fire and explosion safety in automated workplaces in separate rooms or workshops of oil refining production. The impact of developers on individual software systems is very large. There are no common functional tasks for individual software systems, as each of them is responsible for its own small area. It is important that all individual software systems ensure stable operation of the automated fire and explosion safety system as a whole, especially in certain situations. For this purpose, the paper proposes a method of quantitative calculation of the total factor of personnel influence on the stability of a special software for use in automated fire and explosion safety systems in order to ensure their stable operation during the synthesis. Moreover, to estimate the total work scope the example of application implementation using a database management system is considered. This example shows the process of synthesis of single software systems.

Results. Given the large number of automated workplaces in the operation of automated fire and explosion safety systems, the necessity and expediency of using the methodology of strategic planning to ensure effective organization of the synthesis is shown.

Conclusion. The proposed method of quantitative calculation of the total factor of personnel influence on the stability of a special software for use in automated fire and explosion safety systems will ensure their stable operation. This method is recommended for using in the component of the automated systems of fire and explosion safety on oil refining production.

Introduction. For the sustainable operation of modem industries, in particular oil refineries, computer-aided process control systems are used. One of the key components of these systems are the computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems. A crucial role in these systems is played by special software, the reliability of which depends on the successful functioning of the computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems and in general oil refineries.

The work purpose is to determine the composition of programs in special software for computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems of objects. The following tasks are solved: the mathematical definition of single software systems and their characteristics is described; the number of formulas in the special software of computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems is estimated; from the formal point of view, the identification of the unifier in a single software system is described.

Methods. The article uses the methods of mathematical logic, graph theory for the formal description of single software systems and their functional characteristics.

Results and discussion. One of the possible mathematical definitions of single software systems of computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems and their characteristics is given. The assesment of quantity of formulas for the special software of the computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems and computer-aided process control systems in general which about one million is necessary is carried out. It is shown that to determine the unifier in a single program system, it is necessary to divide it into basic groups of functionality. The basic functionality groups are meant as basic elements of programs.

Conclusions. In the end, the identification of groups of basic elements of programs allows to define unambiguously the required structure of programs of the special software of the computer-aided fire-explosion safety systems of objects, increase its reliability and simplify the work with it.

Foreword. The article considers a very urgent and complex issue: ensuring fire safety of patients during their evacuation from multi-field healthcare institutions. According to official data, there are about 13 million disabled people and 40 million low-mobile people in our country, and no one knows how many such people will be in healthcare institutions in a certain period of time. However, even without understanding of composition of the flow in healthcare institutions, it is evident that filling of healthcare institutions by people of reduced mobility will be many times more than in any other buildings.

Analytical part. Apatient differentiation has been developed for classification of patients, as well as a personnel differentiation. The patient differentiation is carried out for various degrees of mobility limitations. The category of people who cannot move without special medical equipment and medical personnel is considered for the first time.

All possible spatial planning structures in healthcare institution buildings are brought to one solution — a corridor system, and a huge number of functional directions in the medicine can be brought to three sections of buildings. The oldest healthcare institution Vladimirskiy GBUZ MO MONIKI is considered as an object of research. All buildings of different medical nomenclatures are consolidated in this healthcare organization, and the main building sections are outpatient-polyclinic, stationary-surgical, stationary-therapeutic, and laboratory sections. Composition of the main functional contingent and the main types of rooms are determined for each section. Creating of the base of the composition of the main functional contingent in rooms was started, depending on their transportability, including the intensive care section, taking into account long-term statistics.

Conclusion. After getting acquainted with specifics of the problem, it becomes obvious that without timely and effective means of fire protection are required. Besides, it is clear that such vulnerable population groups cannot be evacuated without means of transportation, therefore, safety zones shall be designed for patients to wait for arrival of fire units, since using of lifts as evacuation means is strictly forbidden in our country.

The normative documents on fire safety of religious buildings are considered. The necessary information on the specifics of the design and construction of religiousfacilities is presented. Clarifications on the procedure for applying existing norms and rules of fire safety for the religious buildings with the massive stay of people are given. Inconsistencies when using existing fire safety requirements for the above objects are noted.