The most important condition for the timely deployment of the management system, its efficient and high-quality operation in the course of emergency rescue operations by the units of Emercom of Russia is to ensure the constant readiness of personnel and technical means of managing forces and assets in a complex fire situation. For this purpose, it is required to determine in advance the necessary composition of forces and assets and to analyze their reliability in work during the liquidation of emergencies. Activities of technical operation should ensure the timely and trouble-free operation of special technical means (STM). The use of a significant number of STM leads to inevitable failures, both of technical means and personnel. The failure of the STM, as well as of all types of servicing facilities, occurs for a number of reasons, the main of which are: malfunctions arising in the course of application as intended; damage during transportation; exposure to adverse conditions. The specificity of the joint influence of many factors on the possibility of timely, trouble-free and error-free application of STM is usually assessed by quantitative characteristics relating to indicators of reliability and risk. Therefore, the task of preliminary assessment of risks, their accounting and further elimination, connected with the use of “unreliable”, that is temporarily in a non-working condition or in the state of repair, special equipment of fire-rescue units, is urgent. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of assessing the risks caused by failures in the work of special technical means during the liquidation of emergencies. The article proposes a methodology for risk assessment using queuing theory and queuing systems with failures. Practical recommendations have been developed to increase the reliability of the STM operation. There are calculations that allow in practice to take into account the risks associated with a temporarily idle and recoverable STM, and therefore, manage risks to maintain a constant high readiness of the forces and means of fire and rescue units of the Federal Fire Fighting Service of Emercom of Russia, increase their reliability in the process of liquidation of emergencies and carrying out rescue operations. The conclusion of formulas on which the method is based is proved; examples of its practical implementation are given.

At the moment provisions of the normative documents regulating design of objects of the oil and gas sphere need cardinal updating. The existing regulatory base of objects of an oil and gas complex is submitted mostly by the departmental normative documents accepted and which are put into operation even at the time of existence of the USSR. In process of development of technologies of fire extinguishing and fire-prevention rationing, already in the twenty first century, a number of recommendations issued by the leading scientific organizations of our country and directed to optimization and increase in fire-prevention protection of objects of an oil and gas complex has been accepted. At the same time it should be noted especially the fact that the above-stated departmental norms and recommendations, despite their practical importance, cannot be reference documents according to provisions of the Federal Law No. 384 and subordinate acts adopted to it. Owing to the available perspective of design and passing of state examination of the specified objects, development of the project documentation is preceded almost everywhere by the procedure of development and coordination in accordance with the established procedure of special specifications on design of fire-prevention protection. The feature of special specifications consists first of all in need of representation of those on a concrete capital construction project that negatively influences terms of design and passing of the state examination. It is advisable to reflect the approved technical solutions coordinated within special specifications and which have confirmed the efficiency on the realized objects in the corresponding sets of rules (the updated versions of departmental normative documents) that will promote substantially reduction of administrative barriers.

The work is devoted to the topical issues of improving the information support for leaders of operational services when extinguishing large fires. The models are considered dealing with ranking of information control tasks for the practical implementation, taking into account the characteristics of their introduction in the structure of the fire and rescue team communication and control automated information system when extinguishing large fires. The automated system modular structure is proposed, which represents the aggregate of information modules allowing to receive real time access to the legal information control database, to form the communication structure and algorithms, as well as to interact with the fire monitoring instruments. The testing of the proposed structure showed that its information-analytical component needs to be improved through the introduction of the information control tasks ranking. Such a control tasks ranking model has been developed and a method has been proposed that implements it in the form of consistent implementation of the following stages: § the formation of integrated assessments of control tasks and identification of the importance of estimated figures using the normalized importance scale; § development of a linear combination of estimated figures, taking into account the additional information about their importance for each control task; § the distribution of control tasks in the order of their practical implementation. The prospective directions of further improvement of the control tasks ranking model in the structure of the information system have been determined. The introduction of the database in the structure of the system with additional information relating to the importance of estimated figures of control tasks ranking. The results of the improvement of information support of officials when extinguishing large fires will increase the efficiency and quality of the forces and facilities of fire and rescue teams.

Purpose. The computational method of indexes of fire-and-explosion hazard of gas mixtures a kinetics and the mechanism of chemical interaction which is based on a heat conduction equation and considering is considered. This method allows to define indicators of fire-and-explosion hazard of substances which can enter among themselves chemical reaction. That methods where for definition of indexes of fire-and-explosion hazard of substances use a structure of molecules do not allow and can be applied only to one homologous series. Methods. Calculation of indicators of fire-and-explosion hazard was carried out by means of the mathematical model of thermal ignition developed by authors in the environment of MATLAB. Researches were conducted for gas mixes of methane, chlormethane and dichloromethane with chlorine at ignition of these mixes heat and ultra-violet light, in a cylindrical vessel of long 0.04 m, with a diameter of 0.036 m. For creation of model the chemical kinetics of elementary reactions of these mixes is considered. Coefficients of heat conductivity and thermal capacity for initial composition of mix paid off, and during chemical transformations considered their change from temperature. Results of calculation were compared to experimental data. Findings. By means of model of thermal ignition for mixes of methane, chlormethane and dichloromethane with chlorine concentration limits of photoignition and critical intensity of ultra-violet light have been set. For chlormethane mix with chlorine the minimum phlegmatizing concentration of four-chloride carbon is defined, and for methane with chlorine spontaneous ignition temperature is calculated. Results of calculation of indicators of fire-and-explosion hazard for these mixes enough with a good accuracy coincide with experimental data. Conclusions. The model of thermal ignition which is based on the equation of heat conductivity and considering kinetics and the mechanism of chemical reaction authentically reflects a physical picture of ignition and gives the chance for chlorine mixes with methane and its chlorderivatives to estimate such parameters as: concentration limits of photoignition, critical intensity of UV-light, minimum phlegmatizing concentration and temperature of spontaneous ignition. This method has shown a possibility of calculation of indicators of fire-and-explosion hazard of gas substances for kinetic data on the mechanism of chemical interaction and to constants of speed of elementary reactions.

It is accepted to lead non-stationary loads to equivalent static loads in practice of construction design. Different methodologies are used to calculate the effects of dynamic impact on building structures. This article describes evaluation methodology of dynamic amplification factor under impact loads, arising in case of explosions, falling of massive bodies, hydraulic impact. To calculate the dynamic amplification factor it was determined frequency of fundamental tone of natural oscillation. A shortcoming of described evaluation method of dynamic amplification factor under impact loads is the assumption that oscillation process of each element happens at a certain frequency (usually at the fundamental tone frequency); though in fact oscillations happen in all range of natural frequencies of elastic element. Besides, any boundary conditions for this methodology can be set with certain approximations. Nevertheless structural analysis of building constructions in conditions of emergency situation, when the maximum possible loadings have been taken as initial data, such approach in determination of Kdyn is justified in a certain degree. The integrating equations for different types of loads and various ratios between load duration and natural oscillation period has allowed to determine values of dynamic amplification factor for such ratios at five types of loads. It have been shown that temporality of loading influences dynamic amplification factor only at certain ratios between load duration and natural oscillation period. This fact can be attributed to a sufficiently long (in ratio to the natural oscillation period), but not to impulse loads. Values of dynamic amplification factor for various ratios between load duration and natural oscillation period under the impact forces and under the growth phase load were given. The type of load have not affect numerical values of dynamic amplification factor for the presented ratios. The main influence on dynamic amplification factor is the pressure pulse.

Buildings and structures of complex architectural forms and large extent are subject to deformations under the influence of fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, uneven sedimentation of the soil base, seismic phenomena and other causes. To prevent cracks in bearing and fencing structures, expansion joints are provided that cut the building into compartments. Proper design, construction and execution of expansion joints are of great importance in construction, as they provide the opportunity to provide long service life and fire resistance of the main load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings, internal and external finishes. Normative requirements for the device and technical parameters of fire protection of expansion joints do not currently exist, and since the expansion joints are elements of load-bearing and enclosing structures, their fire resistance is determined in conjunction with the rest of the elements of fire protection barriers, use and application is regulated by the norms of Russian federal legislation. To increase the overall fire resistance of the construction, special fire barriers are used, which are installed inside the expansion joints. The article gives an overview of the fire barriers of expansion joints of both foreign and domestic producers. It is shown that for the protection of expansion joints in a fire, fire barriers are used, specially designed for use in expansion joints, which are guaranteed to work with compression, stretching and shear. It has been established that the production of innovative fire-retardant materials is one of the main tasks of fire safety, this is also the way of the consistent transformation of the idea into a product that passes through the stages of research, design development, production and realization in civil and industrial buildings. It is necessary to choose a comprehensive solution that ensures the maximum satisfaction of the requirements when performing fire protection work to protect the expansion joint when exposed to a fire. The authors declare that the structures (products) intended for fire protection of the expansion joint should provide a stable own mechanical tensile strength of at least 40 %; at least 50 % compression; for a shift of not less than 20 %, the retention of elastic properties at the manufacturer’s declared maximum tensile-compressive stress per product of not less than 100 cycles. After the test, the structures (articles) should not have mechanical damages and deformation of the filler, as well as the manufacturer’s declared fire resistance tested with at least 20 % expansion from the design width of the expansion joint. The listed parameters are recommended to be presented in the technical documentation of the manufacturer of the construction (product) of fireproof filling for the expansion joint. All designs (products), whose parameters do not meet the requirements indicated above, should be attributed to the products to protect the other types of joints. When using other fillers for the fire barrier, it is recommended that the above requirements be met using material that provides deformation characteristics, both in the compression of the joint and during its stretching, and in the shear, during the entire period of the intended use. Particular attention should be paid to the technology of interfacing the structures (products) of fire barriers when they are installed in expansion joints along the entire length, which is guaranteed to prevent the appearance of technological gaps and voids. Proceeding from the experience of operating such sealing products, it is extremely important that the design of the fire-resistant seal allows during operation to observe the possible formation of gaps between the protected surface of the structure and the deformation body of the billet.

Currently, the current legislation of the Russian Federation includes provisions that allow to implement the possibility of choosing the best, most reasonable options for fire protection. In particular, it is proposed a new type of fire barriers - curtain walling. Similar designs on the territory of the Russian Federation are not applied. To assess the possibility of implementing curtain walling: § the choice of acceptable test methods confirming both the required scope of application of curtain walling and the actual fire-technical characteristics of structures and filling materials is carried out; § there were suggested materials to fill the curtain walling and carried out tests according to the method of determination of thermal radiation incident heat flux, confirming that the critical density of the incident heat flux is not achieved; § the choice of the design scheme of curtain walling is carried out, and also the tests for fire resistance confirming providing with the offered design of the required limit of fire resistance are carried out. According to the results of the work it was found that the proposed design of the curtain walling provide the required level of fire safety protection facilities through the introduction of innovative solutions corresponding to the latest achievements of science and technology in the field of fire safety. In order to eliminate the need for large-scale expensive tests, it is proposed to introduce methods for the extended application of fire test results, which will significantly expand the possible scope of such structures and will allow to implement the most effective options for fire protection, taking into account the optimization of material costs for fire safety.

Experimental dependences of limit states of the hollow core floor slabs under fire exposure and specified load are presented in this work. It have been defined that the main advantages of hollow core slabs are the cost effectiveness, wide application in construction of various objects, high durability and insulating characteristics. The important advantage of floor slabs is presence of tubular voids that allow reducing material consumption, mass of slabs and load on foundation consequently. Air-filled tubular voids increase thermal and noise insulation of floor slabs and also can be used for laying the service lines. Application of prestressed reinforcing cage raises strengthening and operational indices of the slabs. Dependences of heating up of the slab reinforcing elements (ropes) under standard fire conditions have been determined. Dependences of heating up of slabs at the depth of 150 and 200 mm during the time of fire exposure as well as dependence of their deflection on exposure time and specified load are shown. As a result of fire load tests it was established that time until limit state, when slab losses bearing and thermal insulating capacities, is more than 65 min. During 65 min of the test bearing capacity wasn't loss; deflection and deflection rate of the slab were 156 mm and 2,5 mm/min accordingly, and these values weren’t critical. The reversed strain (deflection) didn't become during 12 hours after fire exposure was finished. The number of cracks on a sample and their sizes haven't exceeded standard. Heating of a slab to the critical temperature of 140 °C haven't detected.

Aims. The aim and objective of the study is to adapt the methods of mathematical analysis to the assessment of fire safety of municipal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of mathematical statistics. Up to date, the fire safety assessment by means of mathematical statistics has not been carried out in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is impossible to solve the problem of increasing the level of fire safety in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan without such studies. Therefore, there is a need to adapt the known methods of mathematical statistics of fire safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan, to carry out such an assessment, which makes it possible to characterize security for 16 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan that determines the relevance of the study. Applying the methodology of mathematical statistics of fire safety is necessary for making managerial decisions to ensure the necessary level of fire safety of regions on the basis of limit interval values. Results. A sequential mathematical analysis of fire safety in the republic was carried out. On the basis of the results of the study, limit interval values of fire safety for 16 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan are justified. According to the results of the analysis, it is determined that the interval values of fires for the regions of the republic are 945 < N_f(16) < 1056, in Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Kostanay and Almaty regions, the number of fires in the period from 2005 to 2016 were beyond the limits of the right value of the interval. In this connection, the situation with fires was worse in these regions than in the republic. Field of application of scientific results. The obtained results can be used by both local executive and authorized bodies in the field of fire safety when developing appropriate management solutions to reduce the fire risk, as well as when developing a fire fighting service. Conclusion. The conducted mathematical analysis of fire safety in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan has shown that in the five regions of the republic (Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Kostanay and Almaty regions) between 2005 and 2016, the level of fire safety was worse than the average republican rate. In this connection, work on implementation of management decisions to minimize fire danger to the boundaries of the confidence interval should be strengthened in the local executive bodies and authorized bodies in the field of fire safety of these regions. The proposed approach to assessing fire safety levels is advisable to use in the design of fire departments and allocation of funds for the implementation of activities to reduce fire risks in the relevant territories.

Article belongs to fire tactics, her materials can be used when calculating forces and means necessary for suppression of the alleged fire of a class A at drawing up plans of fire extinguishing for the most significant objects. The existing order of drawing up the combined schedules (i. e. schedules on which it is at the same time presented the loudspeaker of the fire area S_f , the area of suppression of S_supp , demanded Q_dem and the actual Q_fact of a consumption of fire extinguishing substance) for calculation of forces and means has a number of shortcomings. Namely: § doesn’t consider dynamics of perimeter of the protecting designs which are affected by dangerous factors of the fire and having limited limits of fire resistance; § doesn’t provide (as a rule) assessment of time of elimination of the open burning causing the general duration of fire extinguishing; § doesn’t consider the volume of the fire extinguishing substance (water) spent for suppression that is important at the limited capacity of reservoirs; § assumes carrying out labor-consuming calculations, and the computer programs convenient for experts and students, are practically absent or sin with inaccuracies. In this regard the authors who are experts in the field of fire tactics have offered a method of creation of the specified combined schedules in which besides the S_f , S_supp , Q_dem and Q_fact parameters, dynamics of the “warmed” perimeter and amount of the spent fire extinguishing substance is considered. The method is based on the known provisions of fire and tactical calculations and allows to estimate duration of impact of a flame on room walls, the general time of suppression and volume (weight) of the spent fire extinguishing substance. The method of creation of the specified combined schedule is realized in the form of the computer program in a format of the EXE-file which isn’t demanding the specialized software and high qualification of users. In article examples of creation of the specified combined schedules consistent with experience of many specialists in suppression of the fires are given. The method and the program have been successfully tested and used in the educational process.

In the work, the influence of surface and interfacial tension on the optimum flow rate of an aqueous solution of a fluorinated - foaming agent with the addition of ammonium chloride was determined. Also, the dependence of the time of extinguishing the flame of heptane from the flow rate of foam, obtained from aqueous-salt solution of foaming agent was discovered. Therefore, the dependence of the optimal flow rate and minimum specific foaming agent solution from the value of the coefficient of the spreading of water-salt solution on the surface of heptane’s was defined. It was established that with increasing concentration of the electrolyte (ammonium chloride), surface and interfacial tension is reducing, the fire extinguishing efficiency of the foam is also declining, resulting in increasing of the optimal flow rate of foaming solution and also in increasing of the specific consumption. It is shown that as the interfacial tension decreases, the minimum consumption of the foaming agent and the optimum flow rate of the foam supply increases, and the quench time decreases synchronously. It is determined that with changing of the size of interfacial tension, the curves have a pronounced minimum, which is shifted. It is revealed that the decrease in the ability of the fuel to spread over a solution of foam films leads to an increase in the fire-extinguishing efficiency, which is manifested in a reduction in the minimum specific consumption and the optimum flow rate of supply of the foaming solution.

The main provisions of methods for calculating fire risk at production facilities are considered. The analysis of normative documents on an estimation of probability of occurrence of an ignition source and measures on its exclusion is executed. Relevance of the issue to assess the risk of fire from electrical equipment is noted. A list of potential sources of ignition, included in the calculation of fire risk is presented.