On the basis of statistical data of fires there are formulated causes of fires on process equipment during fire operations. A classification of the ways of ensuring fire pre-preparation process equipment is proposed. Classification of methods of fire safety based on the principle of breaking ties mnemonic combustion triangle, three sides of which are: oxidizer, fuel and an ignition source. Analysis of the results of modern research allows to classify the ways of ensuring fire and explosion safety in emergency response, emergency situations and carrying out the repair works on technological equipment in the following groups (methods): 1) reduce the concentration of vapor (gas) of hydrocarbons; 2) prevent of contact of the ignition of explosive concentrations of vapor (gas) of hydrocarbons; 3) phlegmatization and inhibition of the gas space of the process equipment. There are formulated the conditions for ensuring fire and explosion safety of modern technology pre-training. Methodological approach of determining safety factors in predicting risk is proposed. Safety factors can be determined based on the maximum concentration fluctuation (decrease or increase of concentrations during process operations), the uneven distribution of the vapour (gas) hydrocarbons (oxygen or deterrent) in the gas space, the error of the gas analysis and the precision of measurement of fire danger. In developing the criteria the maximum allowable fire load following fire safety conditions analyses: 1) it’s allowed the possibility of local burning in a certain area over time, not creating the impact of dangerous fire factors on people with a normalized probability of not causing damage to the process vessel; 2) the possibility of the emergence and spread of burning on the surface of combustible residues is eliminated. It’s developed a method for evaluation of fire and explosion fire maintenance and repair works on technological equipment. The methods of assessing the fire and explosion safety includes: calculating the duration of the explosive period of each stage of the technologies of liquidation of the accident or pre-training; the evaluation of the total time the technologies of liquidation of the accident or pre-training; definition of probability of prevention of combustible environment and a source of ignition; evaluation of the number of emergency crews and the frequency of technological operations; calculation of the probability of prevention of fire.

Emergency alert and evacuation management systems (EAEMS), if present in buildings, significantly reduce people evacuation times in emergencies (in comparison with static routes pointers), and they can thus reduce the number of victims. The paper describes an approach to the EAEMS creation that meets the requirements of a reasonable cost. State-of-the-art of microelectronics and computing machinery, as well as the accumulated global theoretical evidence make it possible to create the most effective EAEMS. Unfortunately, the cost of such systems is not affordable to be introduced everywhere in operation. An important and very expensive part of such systems are sensors of people gathering density in the building. Their absence causes the use of appropriate computer models to predict the dynamics of the human flow density. In turn, the use of very accurate models also make system more expensive due to the required computing resources. Therefore, the main objective of this work is the search for applicable mathematical model, as well as implementing its program algorithm, which would allow to construct EAEMS using cheap microelectronic elements. The choice is made on the flow model of the foot traffic in the building, using experimentally determined flow rate depending on the density of the people. It is shown that the program implementation of the selected model which represents the building in the form of a computational grid produces results, which consistent with the results presented in the works of other groups who used other, more accurate models. Unfortunately, as shown in the paper, this software implementation of model does not allow to produce real-time calculations on the basis of the cheap single-board computers (for example, Raspberry Pi). Replacing the spatial representation of the building from a grid to a weighted bipartite graph reduces the computational time dozens of times, and thus makes it possible to use the single-board computers. Testing of the graph based implementation of the model shows adequate results that are comparable with the results of more accurate models and algorithms consuming more computing resources. Thus, it is concluded that affordable EAEMS can be constructed on the basis of inexpensive microelectronics with the application of appropriate computer model of the people movement in the building.

The comprehensive system of fire safety becomes more and more important for projects in building construction. The system complexity rises along with increasing demands for technical development, safety and security. Associated with the complexity increase of technical building systems there is as well an increase of requirements for fundamental understanding of nature of fire safety. The main objective of the paper is to apply the General Systems Theory of Urmantsev (OTSU) to the field of fire safety, to understand better the fundamental relationships in fire safety. To achieve this objective, the task was set to apply the known algorithm of OTSU to the new field. The paper first presents the fundamentals and basic concepts of OTSU. Based on the OTSU an introduction into systems theory for fire safety as well as elements of the system and illustrative examples in this field are given. Important properties of primary fire safety system elements and their relationship are presented in figures. The discussion of fire safety system elements explains their character and interrelationships between them. In particular, a matrix of all, in principle, possible relationships between basic elements of the system is presented. This allows to identify and describe in general terms the main functional blocks that make up the subject of fire safety. It is also important that this set is complete and no other relationships are possible. This gives full confidence in the completeness of the description of an object that cannot be guaranteed by any other approaches. The advantages of the proposed systems approach for understanding and management of fire safety are presented. Further steps in the development of the approach are indicated.

The necessity of harmonization of national and international standards in construction is reflected in the orders of the President of the Russian Federation following the meeting of the State Council held on 17 may 2016. In Russia, each of the properties the fire hazard of building materials (combustibility, flammability, smoke-forming ability and toxicity of combustion products, flame spreading over the surface), are divided into groups, membership of which is determined by using regulated testing and a clear gradation of values. Based on the tests define the properties of fire danger, and together these properties of the construction material is categorized into five classes of fire danger KM0, KM1, KM2, KM3, KM4 frames, KM5 accordance with the requirements of Federal law No. 123 “Technical regulation on fire safety requirements”. The aim of the investigation. Assessment of the necessary steps to overcome the systemic barriers interaction of national and European standardization systems. Methods. Numerous studies have found that currently existing in the Russian Federation, regulatory documents on fire safety contain largely different from the European fire safety requirements for building materials. Also largely missing are comparable methods of researches (tests) and measurements for conformity to fire safety requirements. In some cases, with the same classes assigned to the materials in accordance with European standard, classes of fire hazard, rated in accordance with Russian state standards, vary considerably. Results. The lack of correlated characteristics, which are required for determining the class of fire hazard of the material, is the main obstacle for the interaction of domestic and European measurement systems. Conclusion. To accelerate this process: § requires a systematic approach to the process of harmonization, a clear understanding of the hierarchy of the regulatory documents and their mappings, the so-called “road map” development and adoption of international and European standards in the industry; § development, adoption of the algorithm and the rules of the association of test results with a certain (predetermined) error in different classifications with the introduction of these recommendations in the regulations.

The ways to ensure fire safety of camping tents and campgrounds are considered in this article. To reduce the risk of fire it was developed a number of rules and requirements for location of camping tents at the campground; for organization of a special places for firepits; for indoor usage of fire and electrical appliances, etc. Coating of a tent fabric and its constructive elements by special compounds is also important. To identify the most efficient ways of coating the surface of a tent there were conducted the experimental studies of the tent fabrics and cords and defined appropriate formulations of paints and impregnations. Experimental researches were conducted using fabrics with different density and fibrous structure determining ignition time, self-combustion time and edge burning out time. Application of impregnations for coating the tent fabrics gave the positive results. Effect of the flame on the cotton fabric resulted only in charring its edges, without ignition. The value of self-combustion time of polyester fabric was increased in two times: from 25 to 50 s. The results of experiment showed that polyester fabric with density of 230 g/m² has ignited on 2 seconds faster than cotton fabric with density of 250 g/m². Experimental studies on smoke-forming ability showed the minimum value for cotton fabric samples containing from 38 to 64 m²/kg of a flame retardant impregnation and maximum value for polyester fabric samples containing from 1054 to 1248 m²/kg. Tests on toxicity of tent fabrics showed increased toxicity coefficient for polyester fabric samples coated by fire retardant impregnation (from 69 to 100 mg/m³) and decreased toxicity coefficient for coated cotton fabric samples (from 36 to 27 mg/m³). During the tests of cords used for tent fastening it was determined the breakage time and the self-ignition time after breakage. As a result of experiment it was defined that the reflective paint coating increases the self-ignition time of cotton and polyester cords, with diameter of 2.5 mm, more than in two times and increases the breakage time of polyamide cords with diameter of 2 mm. The main conclusion is that coating of tent fabrics and fastening cords by fire retardant impregnation, reflecting and luminous paints increases fire resistance and decreases smoke-forming and toxicity coefficients. Coating of tent fabrics by special paints allows reducing penetration of radiation from the sun and artificial light sources, creating comfortable environment inside the tent.

Aim of the work presented in article is study of the effects of long-term working lifespan on the fire hazard of wooden structures with the assessment of temperature characteristics, measures of process of burning and charring of designs in standard temperature conditions of a fire in accordance with GOST 30403-2012. Carried out researches have allowed to establish features of the behavior in fire conditions and fire hazard of wooden structures of long term operation on the example of enclosing structures of uninhabited wooden object. According to the study it’s determined a significant influence of the long working lifespan of wooden structures on the rate of thermal burn-in sample, the values of speed of charring (the charring rate in combustion chamber is increased in 1.7 times), and heating intensity on the thickness of the sample. This suggests that long-term natural aging of wooden structures leads to facilitate the carbonization of the wood and accelerate the oxidation process of decarbonized balance. Special attention was paid to the temperature in the firing and thermal chambers test installation for testing samples of designs. In the experiment it was discovered that the fire activity for 45 minutes per sample of wooden structures with life of 81 years, throughout the experiment the temperature was actually more at 50 °C compared to a model of modern wooden structures in temperature test and combustion chambers. This may lead to a deterioration of the fire hazard and the environment, including improving the thermal regime and toxicological hazards in buildings and structures. Identified features needed during developing methods to reduce the fire hazard of wooden structures with long-life performance, including the development and application of fireproofing materials, selection of substances and compounds that reduce the intensity of the dissipation influence on the structure and oxidation capacity of the coal layer, as well as the intensity of the process of coal formation.

The system of response on the emergency situations is represented here. This article also represents complicated cases when involvement of several types of mobile units is required to react on different emergency situations. Firemen, rescuers, ambulance or police can be involved as mobile units. Mathematical models which describe the work of this system with involvement of two or three units of different types are developed here. These models allow to define necessary amount of mobile units to liquidate dangerous situations with guaranteed probability and these models also allow to define the estimate of probability of the system conditions “dangerous situations - emergency services units”. This object is solved by using the mathematical apparatus of exploring the operations and theory of mass service. Solving of this object intends to arrange the list of conditions { S } of the explored system. The time average { t } of transition from one condition to another is also defined from the analysis of the system. If we set that the quantities { t } are accidental and they are subordinated by the exponential laws of arrangements, we can get vectors of intensity of transitions {l} and {m}, which are the characteristics of the exponential law of arrangements. Vector {l} determines the frequency of occurrence of dangerous situations. It consists of: l₁ - frequency of occurrence of situations which demand involving one mobile unit; l₂ - two mobile units; l₃ - three mobile units etc. Vector {m} reflects speeds of liquidation of dangerous situations and it contains quantities: m₁ - speed of liquidation of situations which demands involving one mobile unit; m₂ - speed of liquidation of situations which demands involving two mobile units; m₃ - three mobile units etc. Diagrams of transition for two or three different types of involving units are shown in this article. The system of equations in the presumption about stationarity of processes is shown in this article. They are corresponded to the diagrams of transitions and they contain probabilities { p } of conditions { S }. Critical probabilities of refusals are also shown here: p_refusal - probability of condition S_refusal , when all the units are occupied and no mobile units can be sent to emersed dangerous situations. The possibility of solving the objects of analysis and synthesis of the given system is also shown in this article.

The purpose of this article is to review the main technical and operational requirements for modern wireless systems, monitoring of fire safety facilities and warning the population about the occurrence of a fire or emergencies. Important role in reducing the severity of the consequences from fires plays an early detection and rapid transmission of the message on a fire, ensuring the timely adoption of measures for its liquidation. To ensure the safety of people in emergencies it's necessary to solve two priorities: to monitor the condition of objects and the transfer of information from the objects of the emergency services response and to inform the public about the danger through the transmission of information to a wide range of people. It’s possible by using of professional wireless analogue addressable fire alarm systems with two-way exchange protocol. Wireless systems alarm transmission must provide an implementation of the requirements of the new regulatory framework applicable to fire alarm systems and notification. The system of radio channel monitoring of fire safety in automatic mode, without participation of the staff of the facility shall without delay send a signal about the fire service “01” that will significantly reduce the response time to an alarm. For reliable work of system it is necessary to allocate for the needs of the emergency radio channel with a separate band of radio. The use of two way radio has greatly expanded the functionality of the monitoring system. Currently there are added functions of the system. System monitoring and alerts should provide the capability to collect the signal about a fire and other emergencies from the object to the control of the Emercom , and the ability to inform the public of an emergency (intercoms in homes; loudspeakers in the streets; scoreboard “Ticker” in institutions; video screens at train stations). Such a combined warning system was developed by Emercom of Russia jointly with the VNIIPO of Emercom of Russia in the form of complex “Radio wave”. Special technical means complex “Radio wave” is designed to provide in a timely manner alerts and emergency information to authorities, officials, civil defence force and the population about the dangers arising from the threat of or occurrence of a disaster. The use of a unified system that combines the functions of monitoring and alerting can significantly reduce costs, including budget. It is possible to make an unambiguous conclusion that the radio system early detection of fires and other emergencies, and prompt alerts will allow to radically change the existing situation for the protection of people and objects from fire and accidents.