The features of the defeat of the human body by carbon monoxide are considered. It is shown that the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in blood determines the degree of person in toxication. It is noted that the experimental study of the effect of CO on the person, as a rule, carried out in an environ¬ment where there were no other hazards of fire and the breath of man was calm at a flow rate of pulmonary ventilation of the order of 5-9 l/min. A mathematical model for calculating the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood when to CO is proposed. The model takes into account the concentration of CO in the breathing air, the mass of hemoglobin in the blood, the volume rate of ventilation, the volume of the “dead” space of the respiratory, lung diffusion capacity for CO and CO exposure time. A comparison of the estimated content of carboxyhemoglobin with the experimental data reported in the literature and obtained when exposed to human constant CO concentration during quiet breathing is made. It is shown that the calculated values match with the experimental values with an error not exceeding 27 %. The results of numerical experiments to determine the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin at an elevated rate of lung ventilation that is typical for fire conditions in the room are presented. It is shown that the critical value of the concentration of carbon monoxide (0.00116 kg/m3), adopted in the regulatory and scientific literature on fire safety, may make it impossible for the safe evacuation of people under certain conditions. In the context of the maximum possible volume of pulmonary ventilation rate, the corresponding lung diffusion capacity for CO, for an average adult human at a constant concentration of carbon monoxide, which is close to its critical value, some mild poisoning occurs within 1.06 min, moderately severe - by 2.64 min. When blood hemoglobin mini¬mum weight of an adult, mild poisoning occurs by 0.74 min, and moderately severe - after 1.84 min.

Purpose. Fire extinguishing at nuclear power facilities is particularly difficult because of im¬possi¬bility to de-energize equipment responsible for work of the nuclear reactor. During the fire the main fire load is made by the combustible liquids and polymeric materials which are a part of electric equipment, and the main fire extinguishing substance is water but it is not always effective. Today ac¬cording to the statutory enactments the application of all types of foam agents for extinguishment of the fires of energized equipment is forbidden. Technical development of modern extinguishing me¬thods allowed creating technology of compressing air-foam systems (CAFS). This article contains research aimed at detection of the feasibility of modern technologies of extinction energized electrical equipment with CAFS using for the purpose of de-termining the dependent index. Methods. During the research the stand for defining the current leakage on the jet of compressing air-foam was used, which was developed by the specialists from the State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia. Results. As a consequence of the research safe distance for compressing air-foam was determined. This distance should be abided during the extinguishing of energized electrical equipment. Also the ma¬the-matical analysis is carried out by method of multiple regressions which has allowed de¬termining depen¬dences of current of leak by a stream of fire extinguishing substance from distance to electric equipment, tension on equipment and coefficient of air-and-water mix. Definition “wet” and “dry” compression foam and criterion of its definition at fires extinguishing of the energized equipment with use of CAFS was offered. Research application field. The obtained results give reason to believe that the use of compressing air-foam of extinction energized electrical equipment allow reducing electrical risk of personal. And also to estimate previously possibilities of fire brigades at fires extinguishing at nuclear power fa¬cilities. Conclusion. The research results were drawn up the recommendations of compressing air-foam extinction of energized electrical equipment.

This study examines the issue of ensuring environmental protection on fires in the residential buildings. The containment of soil with dibenso-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans associated with residential buildings fires was proven for the first time ever by using chromatography-mass spectrometric method. Aggregate mass content of 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substitution dibenso-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil samples (equivalent to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins) found near seats of fire in Moscow region amounts to 2.29 ng/kg and for the ashes of burnt combustible content of residential buildings it amounts to 13.3 ng/kg. Dioxins and dibenzofurans can spread through air, water and food chains; to accumulate in living organisms, have a long half-life. In this they show similarities with the effects of radionuclides and heavy metals on terrestrial ecosystems and water bodies. The accumulation of dioxins and dibenzofurans in human organism provoke the dysfunction of the reproductive, hormonal, immune systems, cancer, birth defects, impaired development. The constant contact with dioxins can be the reason of diseases appearance among the population and fire fighters as well as their descendants even at less significant one time emission of such superecotoxicants during a fire in residential buildings in comparison with the large fire. It is dangerous to make new building development of the territory as well as to eat cultures, being grown in the soil, polluted by dioxins without proper quality control of soils and grounds as well as to use water from ground and underground water sources near the places where have been fires. To protect human life and health from the effects of dioxins entering the environment with soil fires one may recommend adding vegetable soil in it to increase fertility. Furthermore it is reasonable to develop individual sensors for firemen to determine nonrecurring and accumulative doses of dioxins in the body and to take timely measures for maintaining their performance capabilities and health preservation. Therefore, the problem of identifying, monitoring and mitigating the factors of fire effects on a person and his living environment remains a critical challenge.

Fire safety problem is becoming more acute in a modern world due to the rapid technological progress. Unskillful using of household appliances, electrical equipment and a variety of innovative techno-logies often lead to occurrence of fire. That’s why the reliable supply of fire protection facilities is an im-portant indicator in the field of fire safety. One of the factors, providing adequate fire safety is the correct placement of the fire stations. The analysis of the major factors influencing timely arrival of fire guard to the place of the fire is made: the space occupied by these countries, states and extents of roads, climatic conditions. Compa¬rison of these conditions in the developed countries and in Russia is executed. The conclusion is drawn that the exis-ting new standard requirements for dislocation of the fire stations in our country can’t be executed. Today in the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as in Russia, there is a huge number of settlements in which the location of the fire stations doesn’t meet the required standards specified in normative documents. Non-compliance with norms of placement of fire stations is one of important causes of death of people and causing material damage from the fires. On the example of the Kugarchinsky district of the Re-public of Bashkortostan in which the analysis of its fire danger is carried out and the most ad¬missible distance to object of protection is calculated, discrepancy of an arrangement and the number of fire stations with the required norms is shown. In this regard it is offered to hold a number of events for improvement of fire-prevention protection of the settlement. It is established that the offered actions represent the sum of costs of purchase, installation, construction of fire stations and their operation during certain time. Expenses on the offered actions connected with construction and the maintenance of the fire stations, purchase and operation of the fire truck, the maintenance of staff in 10 years are calculated. The approximate sum necessary on all actions for observance of the existing standard requirements for dislocation of the fire station in the Kugarchinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan has made about 238 million rubles.

The study of statistical reports including fire statistics reports, allow us to find interesting regularities, useful for specialists. It requires reliable and complete statistics, which do not always meet these re-quirements. The world fire statistics has received a powerful impetus to the development and improvement in recent decades. Many countries have begun to publish detailed annual statistical reports regarding the situa-tion with fires in their own countries and fire services activities (USA, France, UK, Italy and many others). It is possible to regularly conduct detailed comparative analysis and study the situation with fires in the world. Russian fire statistics is developing in the same direction and annually publishes informative reports that allow to get a lot of interesting information regarding the situation with fires and fire service activities in Russia. Some statistical regularities that can be extracted from these reports, are in the focus of this article. These statistical regularities may be interesting to specialists of fire safety. The article presents the trends in the number of fires and small fires in Russia in 2009-2015, the trends in the average fire losses per one fire in the cities and rural areas in 2006-2015, the trends in temporal characteristics of fire units activities (the average response time and the average time of extingu-ishing of fires) in 2007-2015. It is shown that in spite of a significant reduction in the number of fires and the temporal cha-racteristics (response time and extinguishing time) of fire units activities the fire losses are growing rapidly in the cities and in the rural areas.

Mobile dry chemical fire extinguishing equipment (MDСFE) (dry powder fire trucks, combined fire engines, containers and trailers with dry chemical extinguishing devices) are most effective in extin¬guishing fires at hazardous production facilities of various industries. However, they are used very rarely only once in 8-10 years, and in some cases - never for the life cycle. Consequently, the rare use of MDСFE (considering their significant initial cost, about 9 million of Rubles per unit) creates a negative economic impact, and calls for the adoption of organizational and technical measures for its significant reduction. We assessed the prospects of development of MDСFE in three main ways that determine the ap-pearance of any construction:  relevance in the total number of mobile fire extinguishing equipment;  the main characteristics of technological equipment;  the ability to impart properties of multifunctionality. Comparison of the data about Russian and foreign fire technics manufacturers production showed that:  Russian fire-fighting system needs 2.6 % to other types of fire equipment MDСFE;  share of MDСFE models produced in Russia, almost 3 times lower than abroad (7.3 % vs. 18.8 %), that can be explained by their uneconomical production, they are applied very rarely, in compa¬rison with water and foam fire trucks and finaly because of low need for them. It was found that diversity of the stock of foaming agent and dry chemical powder at foreign combined fire engines is an average in 3 times greater than at Russian. The advisability of impart to MDСFE properties of multifunctionality has long been known. There is the idea of a fire engine, adaptable to the specific needs of fire departments. Currently, existing fire extinguishing installations on fire vehicles do not provide the necessary variability of fire extinguishing agents (FEA) filling. In this regard, we developed and tested (with positive results) at the St. Petersburg University Emercom of Russia laboratory model of the universal fire suppression system that meets modern require-ments. Installation configuration allows to mount it on a car and truck chassis, on trailer and in container. The design of vessels and the mechanism of displacement of the installation allow the use of a wide range of FEA and give them to the extinguishing in the required proportions. In addition, it can provide compressed air foam, expanding fire extinguishing capabilities. These results allow us to state (contrary to the skeptics views) that mobile fire extinguishing equip-ment with universal fire-fighting installations are the future of fire fighting. They can be easily reconfigured on the application of any FEA (by number and types) directly at the fire station under the specific tactical tasks depending on the characteristics of protected objects. There are scientific and technological solutions and manufacturing capabilities to create a mobile fire-fighting equipment with the required properties in Russia!

The article raises a topical issue - the issue of improving extinguishing oil fires and oil in tank farms, despite the progress made in fire safety for oil and petroleum products storage tanks are one of the most dangerous objects. According to statistical data the majority of fires at these facilities is quenched by means of a mobile fire fighting equipment, and the main fire extinguishing agent is air-mechanical foam of low and medium ratio, extinguishing properties are well understood and known. The world’s leading manufacturers are constantly working to develop and search for fire extin-guishing substances, methods and means of their delivery in fires on oil products storage and processing facilities. Not so long ago, in our country there is a new type of foam based on structured silica particles “solid foam” becomes relevant question is a comprehensive study of the effectiveness of extin¬guishing agents, methods and ways of delivering the fire and feed it to put out fires of oil and petro¬leum products. In the course of analyzing the use of the intended use, the frequency of use of foam extinguishing vehicles in the past 10 years cars is 25 % of the use of the intended use of vehicles, in this case against the background of reducing the number of fires found that these cars are still in demand and frequency of their use does not decrease much. In addition, the analysis of regulations governing the classification and the main types of fire intended use of vehicles leads to the conclusion about the absence of foam extinguishing vehicles in container design and chassis trailers. All this allows us to state a fact necessary to create and implement, new foam extinguishing car models with the use of foam on the basis of structured silica particles, what will increase the fire safety of oil and gas facilities, the effectiveness of actions of fire-rescue units to extinguish fires by im¬proving the cha-racteristics of the extinguishing agent.

In this paper the main attention is paid to a problem of increase of efficiency of major forest fires suppression. The main popular way of wildfires extinguishing - local dumping of water with use of aircraft was considered. The approach providing suppression of the fires by the distributed in time and space water flows is offered. When carrying out researches the model fire seats corresponds (in temperature and height of a flame) to ground and crown forest fires were used. For model fire seats production the pine whetstones and the typical forest combustible materials making a basis of a forest laying are used. As means of suppression the spray nozzles generating a polydisperse droplet flow with droplet radius of 0.02-0.35 mm were applied. For continuous movement of nozzles over the model fire the special system was used. The system consisted of a set of coordinate mechanisms with adjustable parameters - acceleration and speed of movement. Various ways of water spraying in a fire zone are considered. With using of the model fires (ground and crown forest fires) use of various combinations the spraying nozzles is tested. With use of high-¬speed video registration equipment and panoramic optical methods of flows diagnostics such as PIV and SP, the optimum parameters of dispersion (relative positioning and combinations of spray nozzles) providing smallest times of suppression of the model fire seat and the minimum volumes of the water spent for suppression of a flame are revealed. For the model fire seats corresponding to ground forest fire, the mini¬mum times of suppression were 45 sec, volumes of the spent water - 0.03 l, for the model fire seats corresponding to crown forest fire - 110 sec and 0.135 l. The sizes of sprayed water droplets corresponding to each scheme of dispersion necessary for effective fire extinguishing are determined. For the model fire seats corresponding to ground and crown forest fires these ranges were 0.02-0.25 and 0.08-0.35 mm, respectively. The expediency of the use of such systems in the liquidation of fires in rooms is proved.

In this article the authors analyze the yield of firefighting external water supply (FEWS) subject to possible damage of pipelines at different sites. Standard methods of assessing water loss dead-end and ring networks FEWS does not take into account the numerous factors which affect the flow of water and also the scenario of possible collision damage different sections of a piping network FEWS isn’t considered. For the calculation the authors used a numerical method of mathematical modeling of water loss ring network FEWS. On the basis of Darcy’s law - Weisbach and mathematical description of the pressure-flow characteristics used in the pumping station pumps there are composed a system of equations for pressure balances of the ring network FEWS with a set number of fire hydrants (FH) and damage to different pipeline sections. To solve systems of equations there are used methods of discrete mathematics and the mathematical program package Mathcad 14. The obtained results are compared with the reference data and the calculation results obtained in a similar way in the simula¬tion of ring network FEWS without considering the damage. For the first time the authors introduce the notion of survivability of the ring network FEWS. To evaluate the effectiveness of yield ring network FEWS in terms of the damage some sections it is pro-posed to use the coefficient of survivability, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of involved fire hydrants that provide water loss when the network FEWS damaged, the total number of fire hydrants in-volved network FEWS. With respect to the models of analyzed ring networks FEWS disclosed the structure of the location of water sources (depending on the number of fire hydrants and distances between them), it’s provided a mathematical description of each of the considered models. The performance of the proposed models and method of quantitative assessment of the network yield FEWS is demonstrated. Recommendations are given for further development and practical use of the developed method for the needs of specialists in the field of fire safety. In particular, it is proposed to use the methodology to design networks of passports FEWS subject to the height differences of the terrain, the amount of FH involved, approximate their locations and characteristics of pumping stations. In the preparation of these passports of networks FEWS it’s proposed in a separate Annex to put the calculated yield table real network FEWS based on the expected factors of internal and external negative effects (including damage to sections of pipelines) on the network. In addition, it’s proposed to reflect the methodology of calculation of loss networks FEWS in the special supplement to the a set of rules 8.13130.2009.