Advantages of use of nonmetallic pipes as pipeline systems for drencher and sprinkler wet and dry pipe automatic fire extinguishing installations (AUP) are considered. The analysis of advantage of use of nonmetallic pipes and flexible metal pipes in drencher and sprinkler wet and dry AUP is performed. Regulations for design of pipeline networks consisting of these pipes are provided. Distinctions in methods of fire testing of substances, materials and products for flammability, flame distribution, combustibility, fire resistance and fire endurance are shown. The domestic and foreign stands and methods connected with direct pipe testing for fire endurance are considered in detail. It is noted that the bench equipment, test methods and modes stated in domestic and foreign standards and patents for invention do not answer fully assigned purposes. The dependence of change of sprinkler angular attitude on its weight and console length is considered. It is shown that fire endurance as an integral characteristic allows carrying out an engineering choice of specific pipes and fittings for real fire-hazardous objects. There is reasoned the interconnection of test parameters and wet AUP functioning both in operating and standby conditions (wet or dry) with the pipe condition in the course of their operation (with or without water discharge). Nomenclature and the values of the set of parameters characterizing fire endurance are proved. As a set of parameters characterizing fire endurance, there are proposed the test duration before the depressu-rization of the pipe, temperature of tests, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure and water discharge through the pipe carried out automatically in fixed time after the beginning of the test. Test validation of the nature of the orientation angle change of the sprinkler axis (or a spray) must be given depending on its weight, console length and manner of pipe fastening (sliding or rigid). The criterion for the positive assessment of each test is lack of integrity loss of the test pipes and fittings, and also orientation stability of the sprinkler (or spray) in space (within the possible deflection angle). The special design of the test pipe is offered for the orientation check of sprinkler axis concerning the initial position. The stand is developed for the fire endurance definition of nonmetallic pipes (with and without fittings) and the sequence of performing operations is formulated. For control automation of depressurization there were used various technical means responding to pressure drop, to appearance of water streams or smell (at control by a dry pipe).

The parts separating in flight, in particular worked-off stages with unused liquid propellant residues components in tanks is one of the major problems related to launch vehicles (LV) with liquid-propellant engines launches. This problem results in: a) the necessity of economic entities territories vast areas providing for the cosmodrome on a permanent or temporary basis, these areas being exposed to fire impact in case of the stage falling and explosion that in taiga impact areas results in problems arising when addressing a number of political, social, economic, organizational and technical issues (nowadays 19 millions hectares territory is allocated for impact areas in Russia, in 2015 Russia realized 29 LV launches with 86 worldwide); b) potential risk for the functioning space systems because of the existence of the LV upper stages with unused propellant residues that remains in the insertion orbits and represent bulk explosive space debris (nowadays 1682 spent upper stages with a total weight of 2705 tons are orbiting the Earth, including 821 stages with a mass of 1189 tons are orbiting at an altitude up to 2000 km). The above issues lead to the necessity of carrying out of the high-volume set of studies and design and construction works implemented by the engineers of LV aimed at the stages fire and explosion safety improvement in relevant areas of the environment. This complex of works includes works on propellant expenditure in tanks management algorithm developing, introducing separate propellant filling in tanks for each LV launch, works on propellant residues quantity in stages tanks reduction at the time of engine cutoff, the impact areas quantity and territories reducing, etc. If there is an intensive launch program of advanced LV of "Angara", "Soyuz" families from Vostochny cosmodrome, the fire and explosion safety issues become more relevant in comparison with the similar problems arising on LV launches from Baikonur cosmodrome. This difference results from the fact that the impact areas of Baikonur cosmodrome are mostly situated in desert and steppe regions, while the impact areas of Vostochny cosmodrome are mostly situated in taiga forest regions with the high fire hazard. In addition, there is a requirement-strengthening tendency of international organizations to reduce pollution of near-Earth space environment protected areas based on the results of aerospace activities. The proposed approach presupposes the abandoning a traditional approach to fire and explosion risk addressing. To solve the referred task, the technology of liquid propellant residues in stage tanks and feed lines almost total extraction is proposed on the basis of these residues convective gasification that practically solves the problem of fire and explosion safety, moreover, the obtained energy resources are targeted to improve launch vehicles performance characteristics including: a) the increase of launched payload mass, b) the range of placing orbits widening, c) LV launch cost decreasing by means of amount of after launch work in the impact areas reduction (search, scrapping, storage, remove to stages fragments disposal places, work for soil neutralization, returning the territory to its original state). The suggested technical solution for LV stages fire and explosion safety ensuring is realized by the installation of the active onboard de-orbiting system of the worked-off stages providing extra propellant reserves for getting by heat carriers (up to 15 % from the propellant residues in tanks mass), this system structure elements (up to 5 % from the mass of "dry" stage structure), the additional autonomous control system over the lower stage.

In the article it is formulated problem of ensuring safe evacuation of children with limited mobility, from the standard and research points of view. Provisions of the existing normative documents, despite an essential difference between children with limited opportunities and their peers without restrictions, and disabled people of working-age and aged people, define identical requirements to evacuation ways and exits in buildings with their stay as they belong to one functional fire-hazard class F1.1. Analysis of aproblem from the research point of view has shown that features ofprocess of evacuation of handicapped children in our country are almost not studied. At the same time, the review of foreign works has shown that in the countries of Europe and USA the close attention is paid of safety of the children's population in various emergencies, especially at the fires as they take the 3rd place among the main reasons for death of children, after road accidents, and incidents on reservoirs. However it should be noted that all works which are carried out in this area allow to solve a problem of safety of children with limited mobility at the fire partially as there are no quantitative data about evacuation process, in particular about parameters of their movement. Therefore researches in residential social service institution with children of various groups of mobility on the proven methodology have been conducted. Received and in a consequence statistically processed empirical material has been used for determination of dependences of speed of the movement of children with limited mobility on density of a human flow and from their emotional state. As a result there were obtained numerical characteristics of coefficients of aj and D_0j., and parameters of speed of the free movement V₀ for the studied groups of children on different types of a way, that will allow to carry out fire risk assessment and to establish the scientifically based sizes to evacuation ways and exits in buildings with their mass stay.

The special attention in analysis of the sublayer extinguishing process was paid to results of full-scale tests. Low efficiency of the sublayer fire extinguishing system can be caused by a number of neglects which are allowed in processes of preparation and extinguishing. It is related to the choice of foaming agent, method of preparation of working solution, method of producing and transportation of foam, method of injection of foam into oil product. Some results of full-scale tests of the sublayer system during extinguishing of fires in tanks with oil or oil products, which were conducted on testing grounds of such cities as Perm, Novopolotsk, Astrakhan and Almetyevsk are presented in the article. It is also presented analysis of foreign information sources. On the basis of analysis of full-scale fire tests and comparison of obtained results, using model experiments, there were revealed the optimal parameters of the sublayer system in process of extinguishing of fires in oil tanks. Factors leading to decrease of fire extinguishing efficiency of the sublayer system are considered. The conclusion is that fire extinguishing efficiency of the sublayer system is decreased due to such factors as decrease of foaming agent concentration during preparation and storage of working solution, that affects spontaneous spreading of aqueous solution on the surface of oil product; an error in dosing of concentrated foaming agent in process of preparation of working solution; impossibility to obtain the foam with expansion rate not less than 3.5 using generators with consumption rate of more than 10 l/s and pressure (9+0.5) atm; application of foam generators with back pressure valve placed on air ejection line for creation the pressure necessary to open the valve and to rupture safety membrane; absence of a foam sampling procedure, while generator is working, which exclude capture of air by falling stream of foam; application of foam with expansion rate lower than 4.0; maintaining of optimal length of a foam line to obtain the foam with homogeneous structure; application of distributed scheme of foam nozzles location to prevent formation of local areas with raised layer of oil and to decrease the capture degree of foam by descending oil streams; providing the long period before burnback of oil product by heated tank walls due to loss of foam insulating properties.

The work presents the results of experimental researches in extinguishing the model fire source (height is h = 1.5 m, diameter is d = 0.15 m) of oil, petrochemical products (gasoline, kerosene) and highly-flammable liquids (acetone, ethyl hydroxide). The investigations were conducted by the experimental setup, the operation of which is based on the use of advanced optical diagnostic methods of heterogeneous flows: Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo PIV), Shadow Photography (SP). The heat and mass transfer processes were recorded by high-speed (to 10⁵ frames per second) and cross-correlation video cameras. We obtained the values of extinguishing times for flames of liquids applied in the model fire source. It was revealed that for a given geometric dimensions of the model source (height is h = 1.5 m, diameter is d = 0.15 m) and parameters of atomization (R_m = 0.05-0.20 mm, U_m = 2.0-3.5 m/s), the value of U_g = 0.6 m/s is the extreme value of combustion product velocity at which the conditions of fire source liquidation are implemented. We determined the scale of the influence of initial temperature of extinguishing liquid on the characteristic time t_e. It is shown that for selected parameters of model source and atomization conditions, the change in the temperature of extinguishing liquid within the range T_w = 300-325 K leads to an increase in the characteristic time t_e to 10 times. Also, there are the values of the calculated volumes of extinguishing medium V_e, expended for extinguishing from the start of atomization to the implementation of the conditions of flame suppression for various dispersability of atomized water flow. The data (obtained during the experimental researches) for the conditions of flammable liquid extinguishing by the atomized water flows can be used for developing new cost-effective methods of fire liquidation of oil and products of its processing. The received results at the proved efficiency will be possible along with a traditional technique of suppression ("foamy" attack) to apply at suppression of large ignitions on objects of production, storage and oil refining.