Every year on the eve of New year and other holidays for entrepreneurs, legal entities and people simply awakened interest in pyrotechnics, as fireworks and shows are often one of the main parts of the holiday, literally and figuratively decorating celebration. At the same time hold the interest and to the regulatory requirements of the purchase, sale and storage of pyrotechnics. The two-part series, offered to the reader, are designed to reduce the lack of knowledge of consumer of fireworks products about fire safety requirements in the process of her conversion (sale, storage, transportation, use, disposal) and thus contribute to reducing injuries and fires. The first article describes general information about pyrotechnic compositions, fireworks pyrotechnic products and their properties, the classification of the DRF. The analysis of factors affecting the rate of combustion of the pyrotechnic composition (nature of the composition, the material of the housing part, a shell, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the composition, temperature, pressure, formation of intermediate products of combustion). In summary, the presented methods to assess fire danger fireworks pyrotechnic products.

We present three models of heat and mass transfer in the presence of heating, boiling, evaporation and "explosive" destruction of heterogeneous water droplet with solid carbon inclusion in high-temperature gases (Tf > 600 K) with the account and without reference to vapor buffer layer formation at an internal interface solid inclusion - liquid, as well as the model foreseeing incomplete cover of solid inclusion by liquid film. Characteristic distributions of heterogeneous droplet temperature in the presence of these three models are presented. It is illustrated that the heat-up of heterogeneous droplet is more intensive in the case of vapor buffer layer at internal boundary and energy supply to interface through the inclusion and liquid (at the incomplete cover of solid inclusion by liquid film). The extreme conditions of the inception of effect of heterogeneous droplet "explosive" destruction are formulated for conditions of heat and mass exchange foreseeing each of three models. It is shown that heat transfer at warming and the evaporation of a heterogeneous liquid droplet in high-temperature gases is more intensive in the presence of incomplete cover of solid inclusion by liquid film (minimum values of characteristic periods from the beginning of heat to realization of conditions of heterogeneous droplet "explosive" destruction x_h correspond to the results of the model appliance). Developed models and the results of numerical investigations of heat transfer and phase transformations in heterogeneous liquid droplets in the presence of warming in high-temperature gases can be used in technologies of polydisperse firefighting, thermal cleaning, formation of two-phase gas-vapor heat carrier and others.

Flash point for a set of 34 compounds of the class of chloroalkanes was calculated by the rule of "carbon chain" (manual version and with five previously found equations: FP(°Q = 0.63ВР(°С) - 57.53; FP(K) = 24.03/V_C - 0.59V_C² + 177; FP(K) = 189 + 7.72p^1,5 - 0.632p^2,5 + 0.08p³; FP(K) = 198.5 + + 64.99/С + 774.8/C² - 1093.01/С,³ + 443.29/С⁴; FP(K) = 3.7/V_C + 0.492BP(K) + 75.63). In the case ofisomeric compounds, conditional carbon chain (CCC),pseudofactor p* = CCC + (2CCC + /V_Cl)/4, pseudo-stoichiometric concentration C* are substituted in formulas. A comparative analysis of prediction results by the method of "carbon chain" and other methods (Interstate Standard 12.1.044-89*, Rowley, ACDLabs 2014 and TEST (version 4.1) software systems) is made. It is established that equations (2) and (3) give the best results (average absolute deviation of 1.25 and 1.27 % respectively).

Widespread use, a variety of materials used as floor coverings, as well as a large number of test methods for assessment of smoke-forming ability adopted in each country separately, pose new challenges for improving the methodology for assessing the ability of flooring emit smoke during a fire. It should be noted that the main normative document in Russia containing requirements for the assessment of smoke-forming ability, did not receive a renovation for 24 years. The primary purposes of the research are a comparative analysis of the currently existing methods of valuation of smoke generation flooring in different countries and detection of sufficient prerequisites for critical perception and possible improvement of Interstate Standard 12.1.044-89* "Occupational safety standards system. Fire safety of substances and materials. The range of indicators and methods for their determination". We have selected the basic methods operating on the territory of Russia, Europe, USA, Japan and Australia for comparison. The conclusions of the analytical survey were summarized in the basic specialities and the subsequent analysis of the phenomenological picture of the process of research of floorings' smoke-forming ability. Special substance is in arguments, that stipulate improvement of the assessment of smoke-forming ability in accordance with Interstate Standard 12.1.004-89* that reflect mainly inability to use the test results as input data for the simulation without corrective calculations, as well as monitoring of the dynamics of smoke and, as a consequence, determining the rate of smoke emission.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants for wood based products of degradation of aliphatic polyesters P6 and P9a, as well as the study of their properties. Degradation products were examined by IR spectroscopy, gas-liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, by the results of which they are a mixture consisting of monoethanolamine, glycols and adipic acid diamide. Degradation products were used in the reaction Kabachnik - Fields, amino moiety as a component for the synthesis of a-aminomethylphosphonic aliphatic acid. The reaction mass after phosphorylation containing mixture a-aminomethylphosphonic aliphatic acid was neutralized with aqueous ammonia to pH = 7, to give a mixture of ammonium salts of a-aminomethylphosphonic acids. The resulting solution of ammonium salts of a-aminomethylphosphonic acids was tested as a flame retardant for wood. There were determined the physico-chemical properties for the obtained flame retardant compositions. Initial evaluation of the effectiveness of nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants based on the degradation products of aliphatic polyesters P6 and P9a by monoethanolamine at the wood samples of 150x60x30 mm was showed their high efficiency.

One of the promising methods of fire safety processes of preparation and repair work on tanks for petroleum and petroleum products is desensitization with nitrogen of air separation membrane. The study of this process may be complicated by the need to conduct field experiments in the tanks of large capacity, whichis directlyproportional to the impactonthe costofthe membrane airseparation plant. Amodern numerical simulation using the software packages is a possible alternative. The paper presents the main results of numerical modeling of desensitization using the application package "Flow Vision" and fulfilled their comparison with the results of laboratory experiments. It's get high reproducibility and evaluated the relative error. The accuracy of the adopted criteria approximate simulation is confirmed. The specific places maximum concentrations of oxygen in the amount of horizontal tank are identified by using the visualization process. Despite the high reproducibility, numerical (CFD) modeling preferable to use in step research, due to the high required computational power and duration calculations. To obtain data on the basic parameters of the pre-repair training with the help of the air separation membrane unit on-site work must be more operational. It will implement a software product based on an integrated mathematical model obtained by solving a system of differential equations, which is the practical result of the study of desensitization.

The criterion for quasi-static conditions for overpressure caused by internal air-gas mixture blast is substantiated in the article. In this process the blast pressure is considered as a function of time and does not depend on spatial coordinates. The article reveals calculations justifying the criterion for quasi-static conditions for the blast pressure. It is shown that the blast in large premises partially filled with a gas may not comply with quasi-static conditions, which leads to the wave behavior of the blast loads. The blast resistance analysis for the facility is given for the case of quasi-static conditions violation.

As a result called on review of the scientific studies in the field of risk and fireman of the risk is shown regions category need in Russian Federation on fire risk. This will allow to compare the situation with risk of the fire in region. The authors consider expedient to select two groups region (dangerous and crisis). In group dangerous region will be necessary to develop the program on reduction of the fire risk, but in crisis group - take urgent and priority measures. In economy and finance for estimation of the Dow Jones Average is actively used. The similar approach possible fireman for estimation to dangers. The methods of the calculation of the index of the fire risk is enough simple. On the first stage regions Russian Federation are ranked in order of the decrease of importance of the fire risk. Then 30 regions with maximum importances of the fire risk factor are selected. They form the listings of the calculation of the fire risk index and the first category of the countries, which is considered dangerous. The fire risk index pays by averaging the factors region in listings. The offered methods of the highlighting of the dangerous group region allows clearly to define the regions Russia for which necessary development of the programs of the reduction of the risk. Except this amongst groups dangerous region, came in listings, the second category a region may be selected - a crisis group. The regions will get in this group with importance of the risk exceeding value of the index. The computed frequencies of the hit region Russia in listings of the calculation of the fire risk index for 2010-2014, as well as in crisis group. The got results useful for shaping the programs of the reduction risk in region in dangerous and crisis categories.

Classification of foaming agents, intended for extinguishing of fires of oil products, which is based on the structure of spreading coefficient of water foam-forming solution over hydrocarbon surface is presented. Results of experimental studies using various foaming agents with different structure of spreading coefficient are given. It is determined which of homologs of a number of sodium primary alkylsulfates differ in foaming capacity and fire extinguishing efficiency. It is revealed that decrease of interfacial tension value leads to reduction of extinguishing time of a heptane flame.