Introduction. At the moment for extinguishing oil and petroleum products in vertical steel tanks widely used air-mechanical foam. The main reason for its poor performance is the inability to isolate the source of fire on the environment. This red-hot tank walls are a good source to ignite heated vapors of a flammable liquid that spread quickly through the crumbling foam layer. The use of carbon dioxide to extinguish a vertical steel tanks is a new, highly effective. The main prevailing differences of this installation are the response time and integrated quenching method - simultaneous exclusion oxidizer and an ignition source (hot tank walls). Supplying foam solution tank time is approximately 5 minutes after the operation of the ignition signal, and carbon dioxide fills the interior of the tank in 30 seconds. Description of experimental studies. The efficiency of the installation of gas fire extinguishing based on isothermal with carbon dioxide module is confirmed by field trials. Tests were conducted on a model of the vertical tank RVS-1000 10 m in diameter. The mixture was used as fuel oil (99 % by weight of oil) and gasoline (up to 1 % by weight). Estimated number of gas extinguishing agent is 1021 kg. Tests were carried out in three stages: the main issue of the calculated amount of extinguishing agent; release of a reserve stock of the fire extinguishing agent 15 minutes after the second planned arson former oil composition; the use of stock to cope with the extinguishing agent after the smuggled from mobile isothermal containers while maximizing the free burning time. Results and conclusions. Permanent installation of gas fire extinguishing module based on isothermal with carbon dioxide has proven effective for fire suppression vertical steel tanks with oil and oil products. Fire suppression time is less than 60 seconds. Upper accommodation efficiency of the distribution manifold as compared to the lower placing is confirmed. Besides, simultaneously with fire extinguishing it’s occurred efficient cooling of tank walls that previously could not be achieved by other systems. A significant result of the experiment is also a high performance fire-fighting technology using additional reserve amount of extinguishing agent after the first start-up and the ability to recharge from the mobile isothermal containers.

The science topics on wildfires have been developed in Tomsk State University since 1977. During this time it was created the general methods of statement and solution of the new conjugated problems of the reacting media mechanics and the ecology, including usage of the several mathematical models of the multiphase reacting media mechanics and the methods of probability theory. In continuing of the serious scientific work our colleagues developed the forecasting technique of forest fire danger; the probabilistic model of occurrence of a fire tornado; physical and mathematical theory of forest fires. It was experimentally and theoretically revealed the amplification effect of the blast waves in case of their interaction with pyrolysis zone of the forest fire front. It were also developed 22 new ways and devices for wildfire fighting; techniques of forecasting emissions of harmful substances (including radionuclides) in the atmosphere in case of wildfires, burning of oil and oil products; and appropriate application software packages. And, finally, it was created new mathematical models of problems of the heat-mass exchange and burning in the swirling flows in various technological devices. The acquired experience allows us to determine the main characteristics of wildfires using mathematical modeling. To create the mathematical model we used the results of both full-scale and laboratory experiments. To expand the database in order to obtain in-depth knowledge of wildfires it was generally conducted the laboratory experimental investigations. Along with forest and steppe fires there is a considerable interest in the study of peat fires, as well as wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires. For this purpose it was constructed the test complex equipped by modern recording devices. This allowed expanding the range of investigations by means of both the thermocouple and the infrared diagnostics (ID) methods. Particularly, the ID method was used to estimate the temperature on the surface of wood test samples and to define the parts which are mostly exposed to ignition. By means of the thermocouple method it was researched the mechanism of lowering of the heat source into the peat mass depending on its location, and it was defined values of the ignition delay time and the motion rate of combustion front through the peat mass.

This article discusses the use of the mobile phone, which is equipped with a large number of features that help us to send textual or graphical information, shoot video or capture the world, to set various applications and surf the Internet in addressing security challenges, namely the issues of notification and management of evacuation of people. The solution to this problem is possible with the development of a dedicated app, which is one of the possible ways of improving warning systems and evacuation management. The article based on analytical data shows the level of confidence of the modern man to a mobile phone. The basis of this application, the use of a standardized method for the determination of the evacuation time. “Algorithm mobile evacuation” is as follows: when you hit a person on the territory of the object of protection and the discovery of his phone, him with such application, will be sent a message requiring you to download a plan of evacuation and action in case of an emergency. The user accepting a push notification will launch the app, which will download the evacuation plan and procedures through communication channels (GSM or Wi-Fi) to your phone. Since then, the location of the subscriber in the building will constantly be monitored. This positioning is proposed with a simple Wi-Fi network, which is available on virtually every modern facility. The principal advantages of the system of local positioning were noted: easy scalability by adding Wi-Fi access points, location detection indoors with an accuracy of 1 meter, using existing Wi-Fi networks, providing visualization of location changes in real-time, works both in open and in closed space. Also in the article the data of experiment efficiency of mobile phones in high temperatures were presented. The experiment was conducted at the base fire-training complex. The results showed that the test samples retained an important function - the ability to transfer signal that is used to determine the location of the person sufficient time.

Currently, the production of works associated with the construction, repair or restoration of the supporting and enclosing structures of buildings and structures, increasing use is the method of shotcrete. Compared to traditional concrete shotcrete has a high mechanical strength, frost resistance, water resistance, better adhesion to the surface of the structure. Having the ability to successfully work in tension, bending and shock loads in comparison from the traditional concrete, including heavy, shotcrete can be widely used in the construction of a fence of vertical steel tanks for storage of oil and oil products, especially when it is necessary for arrangement of enclosing walls with a visor reflecting the wave, calculated on hydrodynamic loads from the fluid flow, resulting in possible total destruction of the tank. However, to be able to use of shotcrete or fiber-reinforced shotcrete in the construction of fences for tanks, it’s needed to know their behavior in the conditions of a hydrocarbon fire regime, so it is necessary data on thermophysical characteristics such concretes in the temperature range from 25 to 1100 °C. To find thermophysical characteristics of samples of heavy concrete, shotcrete and fiber-reinforced shotcrete in conditions the impact of high temperatures methods of simultaneous thermal analysis and laser flash were used. As result by research there were obtained experimental data on changes of density, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity in the samples from the temperature and corresponding calculated dependence of change of coefficient of thermal conductivity. As a result of processing of experimental data by regression analysis, is the empirical dependence for determination of these thermophysical characteristics. By results of processing of experimental data by regression analysis there are obtained the empirical dependences for determination of the above thermophysical characteristics. The research results can be used to determine the fire-resistance of building structures, which are made using the considered types of concrete, including the construction of fences, tanks for storage of oil and oil products.

Nowadays new methods, based on the latest achievements of physics, physical chemistry and electronics, for a comprehensive scientific study of the behavior of building materials at elevated temperatures are used. The research of physical, chemical and physico-mechanical transformations, that can change the condition and properties of the material, and assessment of the behavior of building structures at elevated temperature can be provided with the help of X-ray analysis, thermal analysis, testing of building structures for fire resistance, and others. The analysis of examined methods shows, that there are no active methods of complex analysis of the behavior of materials at elevated temperatures in structures. The available methods for determining fire resistance and thermal stability do not give a full assessment of fire danger of building designs and building materials. That is the reason of my research. The aim of this work is to study the influence of different components of the mixture to the behavior cement composites containing silicate additives at elevated temperatures using a complex methodology of analyzing the behavior of cementitious compositions in the dynamics of heating and correlation of test results. Research were conducted on heat-resistant cementitious compositions by three different methods. The behavior of cement composites, containing silicate additives, at elevated temperatures was analyzed using the complementarily of certain characteristics, and the settings which allow for testing of construction materials on the flammability, differential thermal analysis (DTA), as well as the measurement of thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal resistance. At the end of the research based on complex methods, it was determined that in the process of heating of the cement stone it is decomposed into different chemical components, and the structure is formed of composite binder during the hydration process, improved a thermal properties of cement compositions containing silicate additives. However, in the case of usage any one method to determining the thermal and thermo-chemical properties the results were not always objective. Application of a complex method of analyzing the behavior of cement compositions at elevated temperatures gives the possibility of assessing the fire hazard of building materials based on cement composites. In addition of application of theoretical methods of calculating the fire resistance of building structures complex method allows to predict the behavior of building structures based on various cement composites under fires of varying difficulty.

Subways are an important part of the transport system in large cities. Damage to load-bearing structures of underground tunnels under fire for a long time disrupts the functioning of the transport pipeline. In this regard, to the structural elements lining tunnels there are imposed high requirements for fire resistance of 60-90 minutes (for escalators, subway tunnels and rail tunnels) and to 180 minutes for road tunnels. The purpose of research, the results of which are shown in the article, is the provision of fire resistance and lining of underground tunnels, made of iron tubing. The analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the field of fire resistance of cast iron structures for different purposes and different operating conditions was conducted. Initial and boundary conditions for the production and the estimated task of forming a mathematical model were formulated. Calculations of warm lining from cast iron tubing when exposed to the standard temperature of fire, depending on the thickness of construction, taking into account the heat transfer from the unheated side were conducted. Based on the results of the calculations it was determined the need for a fire-retardant action. A method of fire protection constructions, which allows you to keep the original tunnel section, was suggested. The essence of the method lies in the structural protection of structural iron tubing using fire-retardant mineral woolplates. The next stage of research was to conduct calculations of the regiment of heating the lining from cast iron tubing when exposed to the standard temperature of fire mode when using the proposed fire protection options. The calculation results have shown high efficiency of mineral wool plates use as fire protection of the iron tunnel lining. Calculations have shown that even under the worst conditions of heat irradiation into the ground it’s possible to provide the limit of fire resistance of cast iron tubing on the bearing capacity for at least 90 minutes. The results of the research show that the approach to defining the limit of fire resistance of structural metal tubing tunnels based on the achievement of critical temperature, requires experimental confirmation in tests of representative fragments of tunnels under the strain and conditions of heat irradiation into the ground close to the real. In the case of the transition to a flexible standardization in the transition to the real temperature of fire regimes on the object in question will also require further experimental work.

In this article a problem of new methods and creation of models for fire risks analysis, forecasting and management are considered. For creation of models and justification of modern approaches in the sphere of fire safety more deep analysis of fire situation territorial and dynamic characteristics is required. The conclusion is that application of models and methods developed in the active systems theory is perspective. Article purposes are justification, development and research of territorial allocation mathematical models of fire service staff resources. Creation of models is carried out based on an example of Vietnam. Other resources (material, organizational, administrative, financial, etc.) can be considered in mathematical models describing influence of personnel resources on fire risks in the form of various values of corresponding parameters. The task of increasing in level of the country fire safety is set, considering resource restrictions in fire service divisions. The principles of resources allocation (from the reached level, proportional, optimal) are considered. It is shown that optimal management on the basis of specially developed criterion function gives the possibility most effectively to use of a fire service resource. It is specified that in relation to fire service resource management it is necessary to solve a task of multivector optimization. Because for general case this problem is not solved, in practical applications it is necessary to go on the way of different optimality criteria development demanding creation of special target functions. The function which is based on the analytical dependence offered by authors is described. Dependence of reflects interrelation of the firefighters specific load considering economic damage from the fires with specific load of it on the fires. Computing experiments showed that application of optimal staff resources allocation technique allows reducing economic damage from the fires approximately in 15 % compare to a real situation in Vietnam. It is concluded that the further development of models linked to the construction of an integrated criteria of the fire service staff resources management. It is possible to take into account the difference in material and technical support of its territorial units.

Now detectors that sensing on two and more fire physical factors have appeared and get popular application. These detectors are different concerning usual combined fire detectors and they use more difficult algorithm of information processing. The considered classification of multicriterial fire detectors has allowed to dedicate two features accounting various ways of their technical implementation. The first feature is probably number of used types of monitored physical environment parameters. Now four main channels of detection are actively used in such detectors: heat, smoke, flame and gas. However, this list doesn’t limit possible detected factors of ignition. Now there are known, for example, devices which use acoustic effects, conducting fire, change video image within scene of specter and others. The second feature is way of technical implementation of detection channel. They can be joined by one constructively completed unit or be multiblock structure, with wire communication lines between cooperated components and with fire control panel. Construction complication and the introduction additional connections negatively influence on detector’s reliability. Thus, during evaluating of efficiency it is necessary additionally to consider important indicator - reliability, which can be characterized by degree of readiness of multicriterial fire detector to perform its main function of fire detection at any moment of time. In this article the opportunity of introduction of complex indicator “technical readiness” of multicriterial fire detector is considered. This indicator is probability of performance by multicriterial fire detector the main preset task (objective function), that consists in insured fire detection. The mathematical expression for technical efficiency of multicriterial fire detector is received. Its numeric analysis for determination of dependences character of “technical efficiency” from number of detection channels at different values of detection channels characteristics and parameters their reliability is carried out. The opportunity of construction detector’s optimization by usage of introduced parameter is shown in this article. The offered parameter of technical efficiency may be used in well-founded cases for designing and application of multicriterial fire detector and also for modular complexes and fire alarm systems.

Extinguishing fires in low temperature conditions presents special challenges in view of the fact that there are breakages of mobile fire extinguishing means, reduction of supply of fire extinguishing substances, owing to frosting of hose lines and fittings. Development of the fire to the large sizes in the conditions of low temperatures will depend in many respects on level of training of staff, the equipment technology, and also on extent of influence of climatic factors on mobile means of suppression of the fires. There is a situation when water supply decreases by fire extinguishing over time, and because of influence of a climatic factor it isn’t possible to use the tactical capacity of divisions of rescue and fire fighting garrison. The results of a research directed to definition of intensity of frosting of hose lines and hose fittings depending on various factors are presented in this article. Methods. Measuring complexes which allowed to take water temperature in each point of pumping and hose system of the fire truck developed by the staff of State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia were used for conducting pilot study. Results. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that possibility of chilling of water in the hose line and fittings depends on temperature of air, speed of wind, diameter and material of a fire hose, a water consumption in the hose line. On the basis of the received results of researches the mathematical model for assessment of parameters of work of hose lines in the frosting mode is offered. Research application field. The received results allow to estimate previously possibilities of firefighters of divisions in case of suppression of the fires in the conditions of low temperatures. Conclusion. As a result of the conducted researches the technique of assessment of operability of the pressure head hose lines functioning in the conditions of low temperatures is formulated.