The work is devoted to building a model of information support of decision-making in assessing of the activity of the Russian Emergencies Ministry employees. Tasks officials divided management functions (planning tasks; tasks of accounting, control objectives; the operational management tasks). Each of the tasks defined by the properties, and then performance. In the aggregate figures there are formed effectiveness criteria, carried out the valuation criteria according to certain rules and formed a generalized criterion of efficiency of solving the problem of the combined properties. As a result, it becomes possible to estimate the effectiveness of the division of tasks. For further evaluation it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of a set of properties for the relevant tasks assigned to the control functions. For a given performance indicators determined by the outcome of the operation, which will allow to evaluate the effectiveness of the official. To date, evaluation was carried out primarily by property “Efficiency”. The presented method allows to make multi-criteria assessment. Thus, the method makes possible to assess the effectiveness of the performance of any official task SLM. After determining of the effectiveness of the implementation of all the tasks on providing a level it can be estimated effectiveness of the implementation of tasks by officials at higher levels. For the mathematical modeling are invited to provide information system support in assessing the activity of CMC employees of Emercom of Russia as a system of heterogeneous elements, which examines the activities of the official in the regime daily activities and in emergency mode. Next it’s compiled state graph elements. State system count consists of two subgraphs - subgraph of states elements of the system in the mode of daily activities and the subgraph of states in emergency mode. The developed model is a system of differential equations for the average number of states. Using the developed mathematical model, it is possible to evaluate the activities of officials of Emercom of Russia controls in the mode of everyday activities and emergency mode. The results obtained are the initial data for further automation of decision support system for evaluation of the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry officials controls.

In recent time requirements for security of building constructions, an internal inventory and personnel at action of special inertial reaction taking into account increase in their predicted intensity are toughened. It is possible to carry to similar special types of loadings: seismic influence, blow of the plane, the fire, a loading of designs air shockwaves, the unauthorized armed attacking actions and so forth. These circumstances cause need of identification of stocks of design durability, the detailed description of features of formation of zones of destruction, distribution of indignations for the actual designs including equipped with tools shock-, vibration- and fire-protection. The central element of design protection of the modern NPP is the pressure-tight cover of the reactor (containment) capable to maintain not only extreme external mechanical influences (earthquakes, hurricanes, plane crash, etc.), but also intrinsic pressure up to 0,4 MPa. However, at damage of building constructions because of emergence of cracks, through holes, a dehiscence of a reinforcing layer mechanical strength and a limit of their fire proofness can change considerably. Thus, preservation of a wholeness of building constructions of the NPP becomes one of decisive factors for safety of operation of the reactor in the conditions of emergency situation. Now new approaches to increase in design protection of envelopes of the NPP are developed. In particular, tests of perspective concrete goods with “non-contact” joints of fittings are carried out (like loopback joints, and also direct or bent restart-up with various anchor devices). Within the pilot studies full-scale tests of reinforced concrete linear elements with unwelding joints of metal mountings in various conditions were carried out. Tests were carried out at the hydrostatic stand of LLC “Stroydinamika”. Sizes of models 4700´400´400 mm. The class of durability of concrete of reinforced concrete models declared by the manufacturer is B25. The generalized test data for option of multiple sign-variable mechanical influence are provided on the chart “loading movement”. During tests for the first time it was succeeded to investigate features of destruction of a loopback joint on slanting section. Destruction of a loopback joint on slanting section is reached only at a unilateral loading in the conditions of the application of loading immediately near a joint. The crack arises at loadings 0,7-0,8 from maximal. For development of recommendations about application, calculated justification and designing of the offered options of a joint tests of designs on the inertial unidirectional and reversal load began. These tests are intended to give the answer to a question of effectiveness of use of loopback joints of metal mountings for decrease in intensity of destructions at shock and explosion.

The article presents the results of a study on the development of fire-retardant impregnating compositions for reducing fire hazard of protecting wooden structures (WS) of different lifespan. Basic scientific notion in the present work, connected with the possibility of influence of fire retardants (fire retardants) on the formation of coal residue, its structure and properties within the first minutes of fire exposure with the aim of reducing fire hazard properties of WS is not only at the initial stage, but maintaining the thermal stability and the cohesiveness of WS in conditions of prolonged fire. The results of the study using thermal analysis showed that during the development and application of fire retardants for wood long life the defining characteristics are speed and the heat of oxidation of the coal residue. This is due to the specific behavior of the long-term operation wood under fire conditions. Designed compounds effectively reduce these characteristics. So the heat of coal oxidation residue for long - term operation wood (81 years) with the composition containing dimetilfosfit and modifying additives, is reduced to 1.27 times in comparison with coal modern wood. It is shown that with increasing period of operation of WS up to 200 years, the effectiveness of this flame retardant in the reduction of the characteristics of thermal analysis is preserved. It is determined that the flame retardants can have an impact on the formation of coal residue, its structure and properties and also to reduce heat effect (20-80 °C) throughout the experiment and intensity of WS charring (1.07-1.29 times) in the conditions of fire tests according to GOST 30403-2012, despite a small amount of flame retardant in the surface layer of the structure. The effectiveness of flame retardants is also evident in the reduction of ignition time by WS in standard temperature conditions of a fire. Fire-retardant treatment of WS compounds allows to increase the resistance of structures to flammability to 1.4-1.8 times. Mechanism of fire retardant effect is evident in change of main phases of wood thermal decomposition as well as in impact on the structure and properties of formed coal layer and it’s oxidizing capacity and heat effect in term of WS fire testing. This is extremely important because these characteristics are closely interrelated with the extent of thermal damage, charring, and the intensity of heat dissipation WS, which determine ultimately their fire danger and fire resistance.

Introduction. In previous works, the authors proposed a new approach to the calculation of the concentration of toxic products of combustion. The approach is based on determination the volume average density of toxic gases at any given time by using their experimental dependences on the mean volume temperature. The accuracy of this approach depends heavily on the error of determining the heat losses coefficients in small-scale experimental setup and real full scale room. In this paper, using experimental data obtained on small-scale pilot plant, it is proposed a different approach, that uses the theoretical and experimental dependences between average volume densities of toxic gases and the mean volume density of oxygen. It is not necessary to determine the heat losses coefficient and also solve differential equations of the conservation laws of toxic gases masses. Materials and methods. Coniferous wood building materials, transformer oil and PVC sheath cables are considered as combustible materials. Theoretical and experimental methods of gas dynamics and heat and mass transfer are used to determine the parameters of gases mixture during free convection. Theory and calculation. A physical and mathematical model for calculating the mean volume density of carbon monoxide and toxic index for the combined effects of CO and O₂ during the combustion of solid and liquid substances and materials in conventionally hermetic volume of arbitrary sizes is proposed. The model is based on the integral method for calculating thermal and gas dynamics of fire in the room. Formulas for calculating the mean volume density of CO and toxicity index for mutual effect of the action of CO and O₂ are obtained. Results. Experimental dependencies of mean volume density of carbon monoxide and toxicity index from mean volume density of oxygen are obtained in a small-scale pilot plant. A comparison of the theoretical values of mean volume density of CO and toxicity index derived using the proposed formulas with experimental values is made. Discussion. It is shown that the volume average density of carbon monoxide and the toxicity index for the combined effects of CO and O₂ during combustion of solid and liquid materials in conventionally hermetic volume of arbitrary sizes can be calculated by using only the average volume oxygen density and specific coefficients of separation of CO and deleting O₂. The resulting formulas for calculating the mean density of CO and toxicity index of the mutual influence of CO and O₂ do not contain the geometric sizes of the room and combustible materials surfaces and, therefore, are fair in both small-scale and large-scale fire in the room. Conclusions. The proposed physical and mathematical model allows calculation of mean volume density of CO and toxicity index for combined effects of CO and O₂ during fire in a real full-scale room without solving the differential equation of conservation law of carbon monoxide mass and using the experimental dependence between the mean volume densities of CO and O₂ and the calculated average volume density of O₂.

Introduction. Prevention of fires in rural settlements bordering forests, is becoming more and more urgent task. There is a problem of their prevention, containment and suppression. Fires in open territories are large in scale, the need to consider the weather conditions, design features of buildings and structures, the distance of fire stations, availability and location of water sources, etc. Purpose. Development of models describing the development of the fires to assess the fire danger of objects located in open areas. Tasks: 1. The development of the percolation model describing fire development. 2. The creation of a model fire hazard analysis facilities located in open areas, with the use of neural networks, based on expert data. Methods. Stochastic analysis, mathematical modeling, percolation theory, neural networks. Theory. To obtain a model of the combustion process, was used the theory of percolation, which is used to calculate the dimension and density of a space-filling (specific) rural settlement. In the percolation model, the territory on which the rural settlement is represented as a system of combustible (flammable at external heat exposure) stations (nodes) distributed in space. Plan rural area modeled in the form of a lattice. The nodes on the grid is a fire load that corresponds to the test object. Nodes are interconnected by links. These relationships can be of two classes. Some of them connect the stations between which there is a probability that the fire will be transferred by the transfer of heat. When the other class connect a couple of sections, between which the fire will spread by means of sparks. Calculations. The procedure of calculations was the following: § construction facilities were located on a square lattice, which corresponds to rural settlements. Construction of objects, flammability class was divided into wood (IV and V degree of fire resistance), brick buildings and structures (I and II degree of fire resistance) and brick construction with wood trim (III degree of fire resistance); § defining the dimension of the space of Hausdorff - Besicovitch, by generating random points Monte; § if the ratio of the fire load (the total space) total area of construction facilities in the territory of that space is greater than or equal to the percolation limit (the ratio of the number of points to the total number of hit points to construction sites), determine the area S of flame propagation using a computer simulation; § if not, calculated the maximum cluster. Results. As a result, was modeled with the real fires that occurred in rural settlements of the Leningrad region. Discussion. For the determination of fire hazard properties are located in open areas, two questions arose. The first question was associated with external environmental factors influencing the development and spread of fires. The second was associated with the accuracy of data processing. The solution to these questions obtained by the use of neural networks. As the input characteristics there were taken statistics of fires in rural areas that occurred in Leningrad region: wind speed, temperature, distance from the inverter to the fire, journey time, time of following of the first barrels, while localized, the distance to the water source. Conclusions. Thus, the study showed that the prediction of the development of fires in rural settlements on the basis of percolation process with the use of neural networks, will allow to assess the fire danger of objects located in open areas. These guidelines can be used for planning of fire- prevention actions and tactics of fire suppression.

The article is devoted to the conceptual approach to the organization and functioning of the information system of land registration of the security status of the aircraft. Modern means of registration have traditionally placed on board of the aircraft. This character of their placement does not guarantee the integrity of the information latched during catastrophic situations. The authors propose to duplicate critical information by means of terrestrial services. To this it should be a system of land registration of the security status of the aircraft. It is assumed that the system should include the following components (systems): airborne, ground and orbital. Onboard complex is none other than the terminal, which receives information about voice and crew talks about the technical parameters of aircraft. This information formed into blocks, which are periodically transmitted in the direction of orbital or terrestrial systems. Ground complex in conception is the information and telecommunications network arbitrary or any cellular structure, while between its two different nodes should be at least two independent transmission route. This network is designed for accumulation and translation of the board received information in accordance with the route of the vessel. Orbital complex plays the role of the reserve component. He is engaged in special situations, such as flying aircraft over the ocean space at a considerable distance from the coastline. Its main function should be considered as a signal relay on board the aircraft nearest node terrestrial component to the route of the vehicle. This article discusses two versions of interaction airborne and ground systems to form a complete picture of the information security of the aircraft is able to board the vehicle. The first option involves the transfer to the ground all the complex information stored on board when flying a regular route zone. This approach is equivalent to the current replication status information to a remote server. At the same time ground-based network resources are utilized not fully, but the network itself does not guarantee occurrence of congestion nodes with increasing intensity of transport flows in the areas of its service. The second option provides for a “reset” in each zone only the information that has been accumulated since the last exchange of airborne and ground systems. Then, all the previously transferred to the “land” data must be translated to another point “reset” in real time, are accumulated with the newly received information, and be ready to further advance over the network. This ground complex is not only responsible for the integrity of the data, but also for the reliability of their delivery to the final destination. Distributed databases with structural adaptation are the technological aspect of such a system of organization. Thus, the terrestrial infrastructure forms an information model of the motion of the aircraft in order to preserve all critical information.

Fire safety campsites, which are widespread in the world, especially important for Russia in connection with the lack of specific technical regulations on fire safety. The diversity of threats of fire in the campsite and their dependence on many factors specific to each campsite requires the creation of a universal and objective method of assessing the fire danger. Asked to take four levels of fire risk for campsites in Russia by analogy with international practice, and thereby to give a clear ranking of threats for the Russian and foreign tourists. The algorithm and the methodology of the expert assessment of the level of fire risk camping with the use of a Matrix of consequences and probabilities. To improve the reliability of the methodology used the methods of identification of threats because of their caller, the diagnostic value of the scale of probability and consequences with the use of event tree and is compiled by him diagnostic sheets, indicating the objects and methods of alert, prevention, protection and evacuation, and the evacuation of autocampers, cars and other property. The consistency of experts’ opinions when assessing the fire risk for camping is established by using the criteria of concordance (under the agreed opinion of the experts should be more than 0.5) and Pearson (must be more than its table values). Ranking with the use of this methodology threats to fire safety allows you to set the most probable and most dangerous to life and health of people and safety of their property threatened. The article suggests a method of reducing the level of potential threats to fire safety of camping. Reduction of fire risk is achieved by the exclusion of sources of threats or the application of measures and means of fire detection, alarm and automatic extinguishing it, and also the use of other fire protection measures. The proposed method of assessing the level of fire risk based on the implementation of the method of the matrix of consequences and probability will allow more reliable estimation of fire safety of camping at the stage of prospecting, design and preparatory work for its establishment. The proposed method of assessing the level of fire risk and allows the owners if other indicators are equal, choose sites for camping to give preference to those sites that have lower threat levels, fire safety and cost of their elimination.

The article presents the main results of the study of fire risks in different countries and territorial units of Russia in 2014, as well as their trends in a some countries. The study is accompanied by a large number of graphic material, helps the perception of statistical data analysis. The major fire risk are considered: the number of fires per 1000 inh. per year, the number of fire deaths per 100 fires and number of fire deaths per 100 thous. inh. per year. All presented demonstrated the risks of fire danger levels in a given administrative territorial unit (city, region, country), and allow to compare the levels in different areas and explore their temporal trends. At the international level, the analysis of fire risks presented for 35 countries of the world in 2014. The greatest values of fire risk have Latvia, the Netherlands, Estonia and Austria, the lowest values - Vietnam, Japan, Liechtenstein and Kyrgyzstan. The highest values of the fire death risk are observed in Belarus, Russia, Moldova and Ukraine, the lowest values - in Western Europe and Asia. On the inside of the Russian level shows the distribution of the fire risks by the regional centers and by the subjects of the Russian Federation. The greatest values of fire risk have the Far East District, the lowest values - the North Caucasus region and Moscow. The situation is similar to the fire death risk. The study shows the trends of the fire death risk in 6 countries (the Soviet Union, Russia, the US, China, Britain and Germany) for 55 years in the period from 1959 to 2014. It is shown how various changes in society (political, socio-economic, fire safety issues) affected to the change of fire risks in the countries represented. On the basis of the analyzed distributions of fire risks demonstrated significant differences in the parameters of the fire situation between different countries and in the territorial units of the Russian Federation.