It was analyzed the current state of methodology for determining the estimated value of fire risk in buildings, structures and fire compartments of different classes of functional fire hazard (Annex to the Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on 30.06.2009 No. 382 as amended on 02.12.2015). It was founded that the main parameters used in the procedure are random variables and functions, describing stochastic processes in nature. In the same procedure there are used deterministic parameters of the calculated values, which can sometimes lead to the actual non-compliance with the normative values of individual fire risk. It is shown that the probability of evacuation, accepted under certain conditions equal to 0.999, shall be provided and calculated taking into account the random nature of the spread of fire hazards and processes evacuation during fires, fire safety characteristics of the system objects. It is proposed to improve the methodology for assessing individual fire risk for public facilities in the following areas: 1) improved methods of structure; 2) consideration of the stochastic nature of the input factors affecting the magnitude of the fire risk; 3) accounting for stochastic processes of evacuation, the emergence and spread of fire hazards in the way of evacuation; 4) extension of the list of input factors that affect the value of fire risk, based on their probability characteristics. In this case the object is given a list of fire scenarios, which is described as an event tree. To simplify accounting stochastic computational variables and processes dynamics hazards of fire and evacuation of magnitude Q_v individual fire risk assessment proposed to be carried out in two stages. In the first stage, covering the calculated variants of fire scenarios, the probability of a successful evacuation Ver( t_bl > t_se + t_e ), where t_bl - while blocking dangerous factors of fire escape routes; t_se - the start time of the evacuation; t_e - time of the evacuation can be carried out Monte Carlo using simulation systems. In the second stage payment identified in the first phase of extreme situations is carried out using the specified models, fully taking into account the specifics of the individual movements of people that make up the flow of evacuees in this building, and possible dynamics of fire hazards taking into account peculiarities of functioning of its engineering systems. The proposals on improvement of individual risk methods allow to increase the reliability and accuracy of the estimates, although stipulate additional requirements in terms of knowledge of random variables of input factors distributions.

Introduction. During leakage of hydrogen in the room convection column is formed over the source of leakage under the influence of buoyancy forces and the pressure drop between ones in the vessel with hydrogen and in the room. Ambient air is mixed with hydrogen unevenly along vertical axis of the column. To determine the lengths of the column sections, falling on flammable and explosive dangerous hydrogen-air mixtures, it is necessary to calculate the concentration field. In general, this problem is highly unsteady and three-dimensional and requires a numerical solution of the original system of equations. In this paper, we consider a model task of hydrogen concentration distribution in the area of the convective column formed over the source of leakage. Materials and methods. There are used methods of gas dynamics and heat and mass transfer for calculating the parameters of the gas mixture during free convection. Theory and calculation. A physics and mathematical model for calculating the distribution of average concentrations of hydrogen in the cross section along the height of the convective column during free convection is proposed. The flow of the hydrogen-air mixture inside the convection column is considered as a steady, one-dimensional and isothermal one. Air flow involving in the column is determined by using the half-angle of column expansion. In similar articles air flow is calculated using the empirical coefficient of flows mixing. Results. The dependence between the half-angle of convective column and the Froude number is obtained from comparison the results received by using the proposed model with the experimental data presented in the literature. There are presented the results of numerical experiments to determine the dependence between the heights of start and end points of the column falling on flammable and explosive hydrogen-air mixtures, and Reynolds number. The turbulent and laminar flow regimes at the exit of the hole through which hydrogen is supplied to the room are considered. Discussion. In laminar and transitional flow conditions at the exit of the hole through which hydrogen is supplied to the room, the half-angle of the column and the dimensionless length of fire and explosive dangerous zones of the column substantially dependent on hydrogen flow rate and the equivalent diameter of the above mentioned hole. In the case of turbulent regime above mentioned parameters practically does not depend on the Reynolds number. Conclusions. In turbulent conditions the dimensionless sizes of fire and explosive dangerous zones and the half-angle of the convection column expansion are practically constant. For a more accurate assessment of the spread of hydrogen in the convection column it must take into account the three-dimensional non-stationary convection that occurs when leakage of hydrogen in the room takes place.

The efficiency evaluation of acceptance of management decisions in case of the emergency situation connected with the fire is carried out. In the course of acceptance of management decisions the large role is played by information on the correct development evaluations of the fire. In article it is shown that in open car parks fire distances aren’t regulated. However, from structuring fire loading, distance between cars and groups of cars, burning development will depend. Structuring fire loading is considered one of the major dangerous factors influencing features of distribution of the fire. Structuring combustible loading depends on distance between fire-dangerous objects. Fire-proof distances are the rated distances between objects regulated for prevention of distribution of the fire between them. Determination “fire - proof distances” regulates safe distances between the seat of fire and fire-dangerous objects. This distance excludes distribution of the fire from the place of emergence of burning on surrounding combustible objects with use of mathematical models of origin and development of the fire on open car parks. In work physical processes of emergence of burning of cars and distribution of the fire on car park are considered. Based on the carried-out analysis the mathematical model allowing is offered, using a mathematical apparatus of probability theory, to analyse the conditions determining nature of ignition and distribution of burning on car park depending on the characteristic of a source of ignition, fire loading and an oxidizer. The parking is considered as the model lattice covering the researched area. At the same time, burning is considered as process of distribution (course) of a flame through a certain environment. The theory of a perсolation allows connecting very large number of objects provided that communication of each object with the neighbors has accidental character, but at the same time is set by quite certain method (the fixed number of cars on car park can depend on weather, temporary and social data). The mathematical model of assessment of structuring fire loading on open car parks allowing to make effective management decision in case of fire extinguishing on open car parks is offered.

The legislation established that the basis for calculations of the risk of fire is not fulfillment of fire safety requirements established in the regulations on fire safety. So, as a rule, many departures from fire safety requirements dictated by the forced reduction of fire distance from the outer to the processing units adjacent to them objects of protection. Also, as a rule, many deviations from the requirements of fire safety at production facilities is dictated by the forced cuts in fire distances from process installations to the adjacent objects of protection. For example, on a typical distribution station the procedure for determining the estimated value of fire risk was shown. The structure of web-based platform for the fire risk management of fire risks in the oil refining facilities “FireRisks”, which had been used for the presented quantitative risk assessment was showed. Examples of trees of fire situations, the values of the parameters of fire hazards, depending on the distance are showed. As a result, the quantities risk values calculated, and it is concluded about the possibility of the use of information systems for further study of intellectual support of decision-making methods in the oil-refining facilities. The efficiency of the presented information system are based primarily on the opportunity to spend a significant amount of settlement of online transactions, including numerous external processing plants in a relatively short period of time. By increasing the speed and convenience of the calculations increases the variability of the analysis of management decisions, which in turn leads to a qualitative analysis of the object of protection and the formation of individual and effective measures to reduce the calculated risk values. At the moment, the work on improving the structure of the created information system, as well as the creation on its platform specific decision support tools (optimization of the location of the new processing plant in a limited area, selection of optimum measures to reduce the quantities of fire risks from a technical and economic point of view, et al.). To increase the performance of calculations elaborate on the use of optimization techniques, including genetic algorithms.

An assessment of fire danger of storage of oil products in land RVS tanks at implementation of “big respirations” is given. Parameters of the explosive zone near the tank with gasoline formed as a result of his filling are determined. It is established dependence of probability of ignition of explosive mix of gasoline with air oxygen in the neighborhood of the tank from probability of her education at the corresponding climatic conditions in the set region and probability of manifestation in an explosive zone of a source of the ignition sufficient for ignition of the combustible environment as which categories of atmospheric electricity, manifestation of frictional sparks, and electric sparks of short circuit were considered . The mass of vapors of gasoline which is forced out from the tank for one “big respiration” as a result of his evaporability and also mass of the vapors of gasoline which are contained in a cloud with concentration between the lower and top concentration limits of distribution of a flame is determined. Fire flash defeat zone radius, excessive pressure and impulse of pressure of explosion of steam-air mix in open space, and also extent of their influence on life and health of the person are determined. The probability of the scenario which implementation will constitute danger to the operator controlling process of filling of the tank gasoline is predicted. Value of conditional probability of defeat of the person who is near the tank taking into account realization of a fire-dangerous situation within a year is found that will affect the size of individually fire risk which considers all scenarios of development of fire-dangerous situations. Therefore, for reduction of value of the received probability it is necessary to provide the technical decisions allowing to lower or exclude the emission of steam-air mix connected with an evaporability of oil products at implementation of operations of filling the tank.

The growing of effective control of guards of Federal Firefighting Service of Emercom of Russia in case of fire fighting operations on ships is impossible without deep analysis of information which prospect of present practice of fire fighting of ships of various types of ships. Such differences are caused by features of space-planning and constructive solutions of courts, existence by the developed system of ventilation and air conditioning, character of fire loading, etc. that predetermines ways of transfer of heat at the fires, and also features of distribution of burning. In article information on practice of suppression of the fires on various types of vessel during stay them in ports is analyzed. From this analysis the conclusion is drawn that despite variety of types of vessel, the fires arising on them are conditionally divided into three groups: the fires in residential and service premises; the fires in machine and boiler departments; the fires in stowage spaces. Features of development of the fires in groups of ship rooms are considered. The analysis of information on the fires in courts also showed that scales and consequences of the fires depend on design features of courts, the transported freight, fire protection systems, concentration of necessary number of forces and means and on efficiency of the made decisions. It is noted that based on the carried-out analysis of information on the fires in the courts which are in ports of generalization of experience of suppression of the fires on various types of vessel and taking into account features of development of the fires in various groups of ship premises there are worked out “The recommendations for divisions of Federal Firefighting Service Emercom of Russia about suppression of the fires on land inshore facilities of the ports and courts which are at moorings and piers of seaports and on inland waterways” which application in practice shall promote increase in effective management of divisions of FPS Emercom of Russia in case of suppression of the fires.

The article presents results of studies on the reduction of risk of fire deaths in the homes fires of urban settlements. Each year, the largest number of fires in the Russian Federation is registered in the residential houses, their share of the total number of fires is an average of 70 %. These fires kill more than 92 % of all fatalities. Around 15 % of cases of fires reported in the living rooms of residential houses which kill nearly 70 % of all victims in all fires. The authors conducted a series of studies to identify factors, which affecting to the values of fire deaths risk from fires in homes of urban settlements. As these factors were considered: the response time of fire units; availability of fire detectors in residential buildings; the lifetime of residential buildings. It was found that under the existing conditions, the response time of fire units does not affect the reduction in the fire death risk in homes. As a result of statistical research, which characterizes the effectiveness of fire detectors in residential buildings, it was established that the average fire death risk in such buildings less than 2.5 times than in the other, this fact also confirmed by international experience. In the study of the national urban housing structures it was found that with an increase in the part of houses with long lifetime use (over 40 years), increasing the average risk of fires in these homes and fire death risk. Based on the study of factors affecting to the value of the fire death risk, there were developed models and algorithms to not only reduce the impact of these factors, but also to determine the annual number of prevention of fire deaths. In particular, an algorithm for implementation of reduction (at least 2.5 times) regional fire death risks in homes. Method for socio-economic justification of fire safety measures has been offered. This method based on the evaluation and comparison of the amounts of preventable socio-economic damage to the region’s economy, with corresponding expected costs, relatively to a one preventable fire death. Also, approaches in the field of fire safety, do not involve additional costs both for the owners of residential and budgets of different levels were determined. At the same time, prevent social and economic damage, achieved as a result of the pre-proposed activities greatly exceed the necessary costs after the first 3 years.

The article raises a topical issue - the improvement of mobile fire-fighting equipment to extinguish fires on oil and oil products storage and processing facilities. During the analysis of fire at these facilities over five years it’s founded that the annual number of fires remains high. Despite the advances in science and technology, fire safety, oil and petroleum products storage facilities are the most dangerous and difficult to extinguish. To extinguish fires at these objects foam tenders are used, besides water tenders and pumpers, application of which is the most important while putting out large tanks. With greater importance in ensuring the security of storage facilities and processing of oil and oil products, foam extinguishing vehicles for many years remain substantially unchanged in its basic performance characteristics. In addition, the analysis of blowing agents in the Russian market led to the conclusion that the blowing agent market is now fairly saturated, and Russian producers without compromising the safety of objects can fully replace imported manufacturers. Most of the fires on oil and petroleum products storage facilities is extinguished using a mobile fire-fighting equipment and fire extinguishing agent is the main air-mechanical foam of low and medium ratio and there is a need to consider to create an innovative car foam extinguishing. The design of such a vehicle comprises feeding the fire to extinguish not only mechanical foam, and the foam structured silica particles. At the same time, the car is characterized by high permeability, increased supply of the pumping unit, the increased supply of extinguishing agent with the creation of three-time stock frother. The creation of such a vehicle would enhance the effectiveness of action fire departments to extinguish fires by improving the functionality and performance characteristics of the foam extinguishing vehicle that will also improve the fire safety of the objects under consideration.