Introduction. Accidents at oil and gas facilities occur every year. Current Russian regulations require testing to determine the fire resistance of structures under standard temperature-time curve and do not take into account the specific features of the production facility’s technological processes, its location, or the climatic parameters of the surrounding environment.

Aims and Purposes. Assess the impact of wind on the fire resistance limits of steel structures in oil and gas industry facilities. Determine the wind load for each facility. Based on previously created field models, develop fire calculation models that take wind effects into account.

Methods. The calculation was performed using FDS in Pyrosim software based on information models of objects developed in Revit software. Monin – Obukhov similarity theory was used to determine the wind impact on objects.

Results. Based on the simulation results, the areas of spread of the fire front were determined for each of the objects. It was shown that the increase in the radius of the fire’s zone of influence ranges from 4.5 to 8.6 m.

Conclusions. The results of the calculation, taking into account wind load, demonstrate a significant expansion of the fire’s area of influence. It can be concluded that ignoring wind load when determining the fire resistance limits of structures or developing a fire protection design is unacceptable, since wind significantly increases the area of the fire’s impact zone and, consequently, the volume of structures requiring fire protection.

Introduction. Ensuring food security is one of the priority goals of sustainable development for the period until 2030. To ensure the achievement of this goal, new agricultural technologies are being introduced in the Russian Federation. Greenhouse production received great development in this regard. Advanced greenhouse technologies provide competitive advantages such as maximized productivity, improved product quality, reduced costs and more environmentally friendly operation. However, this also entails an increase in existing fire risks and, as a consequence, an increase in the volume of expected consequences of fires. The authors considered the existing classification and main types of greenhouse complexes, their construction and volume-planning characteristics, as well as the fire risk of these facilities.

Goals and objectives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fire hazard of greenhouse complexes, assess the expected risks of fire consequences at these facilities, and review the existing regulatory framework in the field of ensuring fire safety of greenhouse complexes.

Materials and methods. The statistical data on fires and their consequences in greenhouse complexes in the Russian Federation for 2018–2024 were analyzed. The main fire safety requirements for agricultural greenhouse complexes were analyzed.

Results. Based on statistical information, a calculation was made of the expected consequences of fires at these facilities. The obtained research results show that modern greenhouse complexes are characterized not only by a significant potential risk of fires, but also by a significant magnitude of expected consequences. The use of modern high-tech equipment for agriculture entails an increase in existing fire risks, especially the risk of material consequences from fires.

Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the authors proposed ways of further development of the fire safety system for agricultural greenhouse complexes.

Introduction. The relevance of the analytical study is explained by the fact that to date the nature and consequences of explosive impact on buildings and protected structures have not been sufficiently investigated and require additional analysis and clarification of the features of emergency recovery operations.

The purpose of the study is an analytical review of the explosive impact on buildings, civil defence protective structures (CDPS) and their entrances (exits), with the development of a methodology for planning emergency recovery operations.

Theoretical foundations. The composition of potential sources of explosive impact is specified. The design scheme of the impact of air shock wave (ASW) and compression wave on the surface building and underground structure, options for the placement of protective structures in different types of soils, as well as the nature of seismic-explosive impact on underground structures are considered.

The results and their discussion. The scheme of ASW impact on above-ground and underground operated capital construction facilities (CCF) was analyzed, including taking into account the possible collapse of the above-ground part of the building at the CDPS placed, as a rule, not separately standing, but as an underground part of the above-ground building. The probability and degree of collapse of above-ground and underground buildings and structures have been analyzed. The options of using entrances (exits) from CDPS for evacuation of people are assessed.

Conclusions. The study allowed us to determine that the extent of damage to the CCF for all types of explosion sources and munitions (conventional and nuclear) is determined by the technical characteristics of the explosive or nuclear charge, the explosion yield, the distance to the explosion site, the location of the explosion (above-ground, underground, airborne), the structural features of buildings and structures, and the presence of barriers (shields). In addition, it is necessary to provide for hazardous conditions of impact on the CCF from the explosion of a nuclear charge. The greatest degree of protection from the impact of ASW is provided by through-entrances of CDPS, as opposed to dead-end, shaft, straight and built-in entrances. In case a CDPS is an underground part of an aboveground building, in case of its destruction by an explosion, it is highly probable that it will be impossible to evacuate people and emergency recovery operations will be required to clear and restore entrances (exits) from the resulting debris.

Introduction. The increasing demand for electric vehicles requires new methods for fire protection of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Flammable electrolyte solvents and unstable cathode and anode materials are the reason for their fire hazard and thermal runaway. Currently, only passive protection systems are used to suppress LIB fires at the initial stage. Methods of active fire extinguishing are not used. The development of new methods that allow the use of active fire extinguishing at the initial stage of a fire is a pressing task.

Aims and purposes. To evaluate the effectiveness of functional materials containing microencapsulated fire extinguishing agent perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) (microcapsules with FK 5-1-12) for LIB fire suppression. To evaluate the effectiveness of functional materials containing microencapsulated gas extinguishing agent (GEA) perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) (microcapsules with FC 5-1-12) for LIA fire suppression.

Materials and methods. The fire of the LIB was suppressed using functional materials containing 50 wt. % microcapsules with FK 5-1-12. Assemblies of NMC cells (30Ah) in quantities 2 and 6 cells were selected for testing. Thermal runaway and ignition of the LIB were initiated by external heating.

Results and discussion. An experimental evaluation of the use of functional materials containing microcapsules with FK 5-1-12 to ensure fire safety of LIB was carried out. It was found that combustion was not detected for the 2 cells LIB assembly even when external ignition sources were used. The fire extinguishing agent was preventively released from the material and inhibited fire. There was a non-flammable atmosphere inside and outside the assembly. No combustion or significant temperature increase were also observed during the experiment for the 6 cells LIB assembly protected by fire-extinguishing sheets. A slowdown in thermal runaway (from 15 sec to 1.5 minutes) was noted without the use of standard cooling systems.

Conclusions. Functional material containing microcapsules with FK 5-1-12 suppress the combustion of LIB. They did not allow open fire, significantly slowed down heat transfer and the rate thermal runaway from cell to cell due to the absence of radiant heat exchange and partial heat removal.

Subject. The article addresses methods for enhancing the effectiveness of extinguishing fires caused by spills of flammable liquids. The study aims to determine the optimal parameters for supplying a gas-powder fire-extinguishing agent (GPFEA) through a slotted spray nozzle.

Objectives. The objectives of the research include analysing the influence of the nozzle position, GPFEA discharge rate, and fire area size on the extinguishing efficiency.

Methods. Experimental studies were conducted using simulated fire sources of various configurations. A slotted spray nozzle, positioned at a fixed distance from the edge of the model fire source, was employed to supply the GPFEA. The diaphragm coefficient of the nozzle was determined as the ratio of the lateral slot area to the cross-sectional area of the GPFEA supply line.

Results. The experiments demonstrated that effective extinguishing of flammable liquid spills is achieved when the GPFEA discharge intensity exceeds 1.4 kg/(m²·s). The fan-shaped jet produced by the slotted nozzle must completely cover the fire area to ensure full suppression.

Practical significance. The obtained results can be applied in the development of more efficient fire suppression systems for industrial facilities where flammable liquid spills may occur. The findings are of practical relevance for improving the safety of oil and gas industry facilities.

Conclusions. The study confirmed the effectiveness of using a slotted spray nozzle for extinguishing flammable liquid spills. To further enhance extinguishing performance, it is essential to consider the nozzle orientation, mass flow rate, and discharge intensity of the GPFEA. Future research should focus on studying the formation mechanism of the zone with a fire-extinguishing concentration of the GPFEA above the spill surface.

Introduction. The paper substantiates the necessity of research in the field of fire safety of ammonia use as motor fuel. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to analyze the world experience of using ammonia for cars and ships. The purpose of the work is an analytical review of research in the field of fire safety of objects using ammonia as a motor fuel. At the same time, the main task is to identify gaps in the results of already conducted research and to develop proposals for further work.

Analysis of investigations in the area of the fire safety of an application of ammonia for cars and ships. Papers in international journals devoted to solving the problem of fire safety of ammonia use for cars and ships were analyzed. Research in this direction is carried out in many countries of the world, although there is still no wide practical implementation of their results. There are still no generally accepted international standards regulating the safety of ammonia use as motor vehicle and marine fuel, despite the existence of regulations for the industrial use of this gas. Unresolved problems in this area (safety distances, fire automation systems, design solutions, etc.) are noted.

Conclusions. Ammonia is a promising type of motor fuel for cars and ships. However, the results of works published in scientific press show that the elaboration of fire safety issues is insufficient for wide practical use, therefore it seems necessary to carry out additional research.

Introduction. In modern conditions, the regulation of the fire situation is carried out through the implementation of two main directions: prevention and the creation of a fire safety system. The creation of a fire safety system is provided by the owner of the facility, and fire prevention issues are provided by a wide range of subjects.

Goals and objectives. The purpose of the research is to find a management model for the fire prevention system that regulates the situation with fires and their consequences.

Materials and methods. An expert survey was conducted, and 4 mathematical models for regulating the fire situation were formulated. Verification and interpretation of the results are provided, while only one mathematical model based on the relationship between fire prevention and integral fire risks corresponds to the condition of applicability in modern practice. The methods of statistical analysis (variance, correlation and regression) of the data were applied in the course of the study.

Results and their discussion. Comparison of the magnitude of integral fire risks is possible only for territories where a uniform fire accounting procedure is provided. The classification of municipalities into three main groups (urban, mixed and rural) is substantiated, in which the level of relationship between the amount of preventive work and the magnitude of integral fire risks has significant differences.
The highest level of correlation is observed between the amount of preventive work and the risk of a person dying in a fire. And the value of the coefficient of determination is at an acceptable level (more than 0.5) only for settlements of the “mixed” and “rural” types.

Conclusions. To manage the organizational system of fire prevention, a model based on the relationship between the magnitude of fire risks and the amount of preventive work based on statistical analysis methods is acceptable. The proposed model has a statistical error of about 20 %, which is acceptable for short-term forecasts. However, it should be borne in mind that this model does not have sufficient reliability to assess a similar relationship in urban settlements.