Introduction. Construction and reconstruction of buildings and facilities for recreation and recuperation of children necessitate the development of modern requirements, as well as updating of existing requirements for the design of fire protection systems of these buildings and facilities in terms of space-planning and design solutions, used structures and materials, ensuring the possibility of safe evacuation and rescue of children in these buildings, fire protection engineering systems, as well as cost optimization for space-planning and design solutions. The purpose of the article is to develop additional and updated requirements for fire protection systems of capital dormitory buildings on the territory of stationary organizations of recreation and recuperation of children of seasonal and year-round functioning, as well as the development of new modern requirements for the design of fire protection systems of single-story frame tent and fast erected non-capital structures with sleeping places for children.

Methods. The analytical method of substantiation and formulation of requirements to the design of fire protection systems of buildings and structures for recreation and recuperation of children is used on the basis of application of the provisions of Federal law No. 123-FZ, basic provisions of regulatory documents in the field of fire safety, existing design experience and practice of fire fighting in these buildings.

Results. The results of the work are implemented in the standards of organizations and codes of practice regulating the requirements of fire safety in the construction and operation of buildings and structures for recreation and recuperation of children with sleeping places.

Conclusions. On the basis of researches, the substantiation of modern requirements to the design of fire protection systems for dormitory buildings and frame tent constructions with sleeping places for children, aimed at increasing the safety of children in them during evacuation and rescue, taking into account the fire resistance limits and fire hazard classes of building constructions, as well as used building materials and engineering equipment is carried out.

Introduction. Textile carpets, widely used for floor coverings of public and residential buildings are usually fire-hazardous materials under intense heat exposure. Regulatory requirements for the use of floor carpet cove­rings (FCC) in public buildings limit the use of fire-hazardous materials, and therefore it is necessary to carry out measures for their fire protection. However, there are no requirements for the means of fire protection of textile materials, so, an urgent task is to develop technical documentation for the means and technology of their application for effective fire protection of textile carpet coverings.

Research methods. Standard methods of estimation of the critical density of the incident heat flux of ignition (GOST 30402), flame propagation on the surface (GOST R 51032), smoke-forming ability and toxicity of combustion products (GOST 12.1.044.89 (p.p. 4.18, 4.20)) were used for experimental studies on the factors influencing the fire hazard of FCC, including fire-protected ones.

Research results and their discussion. The analysis of the structure and chemical composition of the constituent elements of FCC, which influence the fire hazard characteristics of the material, was carried out.

It is established that the lowest fire hazard is represented by carpet coverings, which include fire-protected fibers at the stage of their production.

Currently used means by the mechanism of action of fire protection usually apply only to a certain type of pile fibers.

Experimentally shown a significant decrease in the effect of flame retardancy of FCC by surface-treated protective agents after dry and wet cleaning.

The necessity of mandatory consideration of a number of factors in the choice of means for their effective fire protection at facilities and procedures for assessing their compliance was revealed.

Conclusions. Flame retardant compositions should be developed for a specific type of carpeting, depending on its structure and chemical composition of the base and pile fibers, and the effectiveness of their action should lead to ensuring compliance with the existing requirements of fire safety regulations, depending on the field of application.

Introduction. In the last few years, plasticized PVC filled with intumescent materials was used as a passive fire protection component. Important characteristics of such materials are physical and mechanical properties, degree and temperature profile of foaming and flammability. These characteristics significantly depend on the properties of the polymer matrix of the intumescent material. In this paper, the relationship between the composition of PVC compound and the properties of flame-retardant materials based on it is investigated.

Materials and methods of research. Intumescent flame-retardant materials based on PVC compound of different compositions were used in this paper: with changes in the molecular weight of PVC and plasticizer content in the composition of the PVC compound. The PVC compound was obtained by intensive mixing of PVC powder with a plasticizer and a complex stabilizer. The flame retardant material was obtained by dry mixing powders of PVC compound, elastomeric component, flame retardant and intumescent material, followed by extrusion of the mixture through a flat slot die. A set of properties was determined for the obtained materials: density, hardness, tensile strength and elongation, heat resistance, degree of foaming in the range of 300–800 °C, flammability, fracture surface morphology, melt flow index.

Results and their discussion. The paper presents the results of the study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the flame retardant materials and their flame retardant effectiveness. It was found that tensile strength when introducing fillers into polymer material decreases by 20–62 %, which is typical for fillers with low adhesion to the polymer. At the same time, hardness increases up to 32 %. The viscosity of the polymer matrix at the base of the flame retardant material determines the process of its foaming.

Conclusions. For the flame retardant materials based on PVC compound, the following is observed:

1) reduction of physical and mechanical properties relative to the polymer material;

2) the presence of oxidized graphite in the composition of the flame retardant material determines the decrease in the thermal resistance of the polymer matrix when producing fire-retardant materials;

3) viscosity of polymer base in the composition of the flame retardant material is an indicator that determines the change in heat resistance and degree of foaming.

Introduction. The article considers the solution of the problem of detecting fires at technological facilities in automatic mode. To solve this problem, an approach was chosen to create a convolutional neural network capable of operating on a real-time video stream.

Aims and Purposes. The aim of this work is to create a neural network capable of detecting flames and smoke in the image from CCTV cameras. The purposes of the work include: selection of the optimal architecture of the neural network in accordance with the latest research in this field; speeding up the chosen architecture using quantization and filter thinning techniques.

Methods. Different architectures of convolutional neural networks performing the task of detecting objects in an image are considered. Their performance and quality of work are compared. The YOLOv5 architecture, its target function, training methods and ways of speeding up work are considered.

Results and discussion. The paper shows the results of training a convolutional neural network of the YOLOv5 architecture for the task of flame and smoke detection, as well as how the results change when applying neural network acceleration methods. It was determined that the use of such acceleration methods such as quantization and filter cleaning can significantly increase up the speed of the neural network, while almost no loss in accuracy of operation.

Conclusions. As a result of the conducted work, the architecture of the neural network was determined for performing the task of detecting a fire source. Based on the chosen architecture, a neural network was trained to detect flames and smoke in the image. The speed of its work allows to process video stream in real-time without using graphic accelerator.

Introduction. In order to preserve the operability of wires and cables in fire conditions, intumescent flame retardant coatings are used, the effectiveness of their application in the case of real fire mode has not been investigated.

Aims and purposes. The purpose of the article is to evaluate experimentally the effectiveness of the use of intumescent flame retardant coatings for electrical wires and cables under simultaneous exposure to fire and current load.

In order to achieve this purpose, experimental tests on wires and cables of different brands, treated with intumescent water dispersion fire-protective paint “Ogneza-VD-K”. At the same time, the influence of heated ambient temperature on electrical parameters of wires and cables, such as resistivity, inductance and capacitance, was assessed.

Methods. Experimental study of heating in a muffle furnace of wire and cable samples treated with intumescent water-dispersion fire-retardant paint. Analysis of the obtained results.

Results and their discussion. The dependences of resistivity, inductance and capacitance of common electrical cables on ambient air temperature are obtained.

It was found that for all considered cables, the short circuit occurred at ambient temperatures in the range of 180–230 °C increasing the fireproofing coating to dimensions that protect the cable from external thermal impact. In this case, the phases and amplitudes of the input electrical signal can change significantly before a short circuit occurs.

It has been found that the swelling of fire retardant paint under fire conditions in a muffle furnace occurs at 400 °C and not at 200 °C as in the case of standard tests.

It is shown that the dynamics of temperature change inside the muffle furnace approached the temperature regime of a real fire in the room of the MCPU (Main circulation pump units) section of the Leningrad NPP (containment) of the reactor building and in the cable room of the 3rd safety channel of the safety building.

Conclusions. Working capacity of electric wires and cables treated with flame retardant should be determined in real fire conditions in the premises where these wires and cables are used.

Introduction. The best selected parameters of the quantity, location and technical equipment of emergency services allow to reduce the damage from fires. To assess the directions of improvement of such activity, it is proposed to generalize and analyze Russian experience.

Goals and objectives. The purpose of this work is to obtain a deeper understanding about current Russian approaches, methods and algorithms on the basis of which management decisions can be made to reduce the time of arrival of fire brigades to the place of an emergency call. In accordance with the aims, the tasks are set:

1) identification of scientific schools dealing with the design of fire protection garrisons;

2) determination of the main methods of solving the problems of designing fire protection garrisons;

3) formulation of perspective directions for improving fire protection garrisons design.

Materials and methods. The research used methods of literary review: deconstruction of literature sources, analy­sis using logical conclusions on the basis of graph model data of the reviewed publications. The main source of information is the scientific electronic library Elibrary.ru.

Results and discussion. The key role in the development of the ideas of organizational design of emergency services in Russia belongs to the Academy of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Russian Federation and VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia. The most developed and applied methods of solving problems of emergency services design are methods of simulation modelling with the use of computer technologies and methods of mathema­tical modelling. Such methods as big data analysis, machine learning, open geospatial data, modern programm­ing languages and technologies are not considered or rarely mentioned.

Conclusions. Promising directions for improving the tasks of organizational design of emergency services include modern methods of big data analytics, spatial analysis, tools of Geospatial Information Systems, advanced graph theory algorithms and machine learning methods.

Introduction. Modern development of economy and technology leads to an increase in the number of underground structures, which raises the issues of fire extinguishing organization in them in case of necessity. Statistical data show that the extinguishing time in underground structures is much longer than the average for other fires, while fires in collectors are fires of increased complexity of private nature.

In the published works devoted to fires in underground structures, the issue of extinguishing fires in collectors using special gas extinguishing equipment is not studied.

Purpose. Improvement of methods of fire extinguishing in underground collectors for engineering communications by using of carbon dioxide.

Tasks. Analysis of operational actions of fire departments when extinguishing fires in collectors for engineering communications and analysis of dangerous factors accompanying fire extinguishing in them; analytical substantiation of the possibility of extinguishing carbon dioxide in collectors for engineering communications by mobile fire extinguishing means, using the example of a gas extinguishing vehicle AGT-1; formalization of values of the second consumption of a fire barrel when carbon dioxide is supplied in the form of nomograms in conjunction with the volume of the room, which can be extinguished by the gas extinguishing vehicle AGT-1.

The analytical part. The algorithm of optimization of the choice of the number of forces and means, as well as the quantity of fire extinguishing agents for extinguishing fires in collectors for engineering communications is based on an analytical calculation of the equipment of fire departments, geometric parameters of collectors and conditions ensuring the tightness of the room.

Conclusions. The article evaluates the use of gas extinguishing vehicle (AGT-1) in underground collectors up to 1000 m3. On the basis of analytical calculations, the formalized data and nomograms for calculation of para­meters of extinguishing underground collectors are presented, the algorithm of a choice of extinguishing substances and their quantity is developed. The efficiency of application of gas extinguishing vehicle for liquidation of fires in cable lines under voltage and after its removal is proven.