One way to provide the required fire resistance of steel structures for oil and gas facilities is the use of intumescent compositions. With the flare burning of vapors of petroleum products, the deformation and collapse of structures subjected to high temperature (up to 1200 °C) and erosion. As objects of study the carbon nanomaterials containing MWCNT with parameters d = 30 nm, l = 2…5 mm were selected. The basis for the modified material was intumescent paint for steel structures “Thermal barrier”, produced by TU 2313-001-30642285-2011. Modification of a flame retardant was conducted using the Deposit of MWCNT in solvent (o-xylene), with further stirring the filler at a concentration of 0.10…1.25 % by vol. Individual components of the intumescent compositions were subjected to electrophysical influence with the parameters of variable frequency-modulated potential (VFMP) 56 V, 50 Hz. Study of fire resistance performance of nanomodified intumescent compositions was conducted in a laboratory setting, simulating the conditions of hydrocarbon combustion. For almost all samples of modified intumescent compositions containing MWCNT, there is a slower (10…55 %) increase in the temperature of the object of protection within the time of observation, in comparison with non-modified coating intumescent compositions. For samples with intumescent compositions with the primer GF-021 without MWCNT, the rate of temperature increase of metal in general, inversely proportional to the concentration of MWCNT in flame-retardant composition as no electrical influence, and when exposed to VFMP. For samples with intumescent compositions with the primer GF-021 with MWCNT at a concentration of 1.0 % by vol., the growth rate of metal temperature has a clear dependence on the concentration of MWCNT in flame-retardant composition. Depositing in the basic fire retardant composition of MWCNT as a whole leads to a decrease in the coefficient of swelling, which certainly negatively affects the overall effectiveness of modified intumescent compositions. However, for a number of samples of the intumescent compositions without MWCNT in primer the rise of the coefficient of swelling for the concentrations of MWCNT in flame-retardant composition 0.50 to 0.75 % by vol. It is also established that the deposition of MWCNT in the primer GF-021 as a rule, reduces the adhesion strength of the intumescent compositions for 10…20 % at the concentration of MWCNT in flame-retardant composition from 0 to 0.5 %. With a further increase in the concentration of MWCNT in flame-retardant composition to 1.25 % adhesive strength of the intumescent compositions with MWCNT deposited in the primer GF-021, slightly higher in comparison with the intumescent compositions with non-modified primer and the original sample. For samples intumescent compositions obtained with VFMP, there is a significant (40 %) increase in adhesion strength for coatings with unmodified primer GF-021. Upon further study of modified intumescent flame retardant compositions, we plan to conduct a comprehensive thermal analysis of songs to determine the nature of a fire retardant effect of sample coverings from the nature of their modification. Thus, optimization of the formulation and application technology of modified fire-resistant intumescent compositions allows applying them successfully to protect the metal installations on the transportation of petroleum products, characterized by a high risk of hydrocarbon fire.

One of the urgent tasks facing the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES of Russia) is the development of new tactical procedure (TP) of the actions of the fire and rescue units. There is appeared the problem of choosing the most effective solutions to solve the operational task (fire extinguishing, rescue and salvage operations, emergency response (FEER), to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations (ES)). In the context of the RSO, which requires significant material and time costs, as well as carrying a certain danger to the fighters of the units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, repeated exercises to accumulate statistical material can not be considered efficient. Mathematical modeling makes it possible to reduce costs and risks during such experiments (exercises). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the relative simplicity, availability, rather high accuracy and reliability of the sequential analysis method (SAM) in applying to the decision of the task of choosing from two tactical techniques of one - having advantages over selected parameters. The article substantiates the derivation of the formulas on which the method is based, gives an example of its practical implementation in two forms - in graphical and tabular format. The range of tasks of the operational activities of the Ministry of Emergencies (MES) of Russia is formulated, the solution of which can be implemented with the application of the presented method. The study based on SAM data of a repeated comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of two exercises (exercises), are carried out simultaneously. The specificity of the method lies in the fact that all cases when the results of using two TPs are the same are excluded from the analysis, that is, both methods were either successful or unsuccessful in terms of achieving the goal of the exercise. Upon completion of the sequence of actions envisaged by the SAM, a recommendation is made for choosing one of the two tested TPs. The application of SAM to the selection of the most effective of the two new TPs is of particular importance, since the use of classical methods of mathematical statistics to solve this problem with a sufficiently high accuracy and reliability would require at least a twofold increase in the number of exercises conducted compared to the one-TP test.

This research thesis presents the simulation of fire growth and flame spread within a car in an underground trainway using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) realizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The motivation of the study is to predict the heat release rate (HRR) and specifically the peak value for emergency situations. The existing documents don’t contain recommendations for defining these important parameters. Using of several methods of estimating the HRR for a metro train, it appears that the current methods cannot realistically predict the HRR because factors such as the burning behavior of materials; and the train and tunnel geometries that affect the HRR are not considered. This project attempts to incorporate these factors in the FDS model. Modeling was realized on the base of such main research results as: § fire load of subway car series 81-557 and 81-558 (wood equivalent); § burning rate (full scale experiments). A number of assumptions have been made so that to simplify the model. They were: § passenger doors were opened from one side of car; § fire load was spread on car area; § window failure was simulated, at temperature 300 °C window began to fracture and fall off (temperature was controlled by detectors at center of windows); § ignition of material was initiated by point source; § upper plane of the computational domain is defined as “Open”; § calculation was carried out until the fire load was completely burned out. The size of the computational domain was 40 m long by 12 m wide by 6 m high. Two grid sizes, 0.025´0.025´0.025 m (zone of fire load) and 0.25´0.25´0.25 m (zone above fire load) were used. The simulation time specified for simulation was 2500 s. Results of modeling: § HRR-curve: approximation of HRR-curve for engineering calculations (“design fire”); § value of peak HRR - 12.3 MW; § combustion reaction parameters. The results of the study and the obtained dependence of the heat release rate can be applied in the development, justification of parameters, evaluation of the smoke protection systems efficiency and analysis of people safe evacuation conditions in case of fire.

This paper presents some features of calculations to analyze the accident and to determine the values for calculations of primary source data on the basis of technical expertise of accidental explosion on ethane supply pipeline. The accident development scenario is shown and the measures of responsibility for involved parties are established. Before numerical calculation of the probable scenario of the accidental explosion it have been estimated the emergency consumption of gases. Two methods of estimation of emergency consumption are presented. The first one is based on the gas- dynamic ratios describing its leakage from pipeline, and the second one is describing interrelation of the area of free-flow flame front with gas consumption value. The relevant calculation results are presented. Numerical calculations of explosive cloud formation in relation to particular accident are also presented. Calculation of concentration fields which could appear in case of gas leakage is shown. The conclusion is that modelled accidental explosion relevant to real one only if the values of gas consumption have been calculated for various combustion zones according to their dimensions. It have been established that the flames generated by leakages from gas pipeline have to be significantly less than it were observed during accident, and areas of possible ignition of clouds formed by different sources do not overlap. It have been determined that ignition of one gas cloud couldn’t lead to spreading of the flame on near-by cloud and the ignition area observed during accident could be significantly larger. It is shown that ignition of the air-gas mixture in such accident is completely excluded when the source of ignition inside or near the car because the concentration of gas near the car can’t exceed 0.6 %. The time dependence of gas concentration near the car is given for several scenarios of the accident. The impact of ignition source on formation of air-gas clouds and on the accident development taking into account the data of comparative analysis of concentration fields formed by various sources is shown.

This study is dedicated to a description of results of complex investigations on fire and explosion safety of railway tanks for a transportation of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) carried out by Moscow state railway university together with organizations of various branches of industry. The main types of accidents were determined on a basis of statistical data. There were carried out experimental and theoretical investigations of a railway tanks behavior at various accidental regimes connected with various dynamical and thermal actions on these tanks. Numerous experiments were carried out on large scale facilities and on small scale facilities with an application of the theory of similarity. Experimental results were used both for a verification of the theoretical models and for more accurate definition of parameters of numerical schemes. Mathematical models created at the theoretical investigations were used for a software and a following determination of tools for the railway tanks protection. Measures for a risk reduction and a diminishing of consequences were proposed on the basis of the investigations. Safety relief valves, fire retardant coatings and special controle valves were used for a thermal protection. It was shown that the SGK fire retardant coating can increase a critical time of an action of the fire on the raiway tank on 2.5-3.5 times. A new configuration of loading pipelines was proposed which allowed to decrease substantially a probability of a rupture of the loading facilities. A new configuration of safety arcs was proposed which decreases remarkably a probability of a destruction of the loading valves at accidents with an overturning of the tank. New safety types of the railways for the LPG transportation were created which are now built in Russia, Ukraine, Japan, Poland.

In the conditions of rapid development of software and hardware that automatically monitor destabilizing factors of natural and technogenic nature, technologies of oil production and transportation processes, increasing requirements for ensuring the safety of the population and territories from technogenic disaster, technological and structural solutions for the creation of a system for the explosion-and-fire hazard monitoring of objects production and transport of oil (SMOI). In this paper, we propose modern technological solutions for the creation of SMOI, which are developed on the basis of the requirements determined by the technological principles of the integrated safety of potentially dangerous objects and capital construction projects and the technology of building automated control systems, taking into account an integrated approach to solving security and antiterrorist security problems. The technology of SMOI construction is based on software and hardware that automatically monitors destabilizing factors of natural and man-made nature and provides information to the everyday management bodies of the General subject about the threat and occurrence of an accident, emergency situations, including those caused by terrorist acts. Structurally, the monitoring system includes three subsystems: § for data collection and message transfer (SDCMT); § of communication and management in crisis situations (SCMCS); § for engineering (bearing) structures monitoring, hazardous natural processes and phenomena (SMES). The organizational and engineering-technical measures for the creation of SMOI are proposed, the technological stages of its creation are determined, the necessary normative base for ensuring interaction with the everyday management bodies of the RSES and technological solutions for providing management of engineering systems with integrated monitoring and management functions is considered.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study how objective and subjective negative occupational factors affect individual and personal characteristics of fire-fighters and rescuers. Objective negative occupational factors are defined as external factors that make a direct threat to life and health, such as: unpredictable nature of accident rescue operations, novelty effect, danger, threat to life, time deficit, etc. Subjective factors refer to emotional and personal experiences: responsibility, high level of neuro-psychic stress, psychological climate within the team, etc. Those factors provided the basis of the questionnaire developed by O. L. Uzun, thanks to which the total sample of volunteers (86 people) was divided into two groups: group A recognized objective negative factors as more significant in their professional activities while group B, on the contrary, considered that subjective negative factors exert a more significant influence. Apart from the above-mentioned questionnaire, we used “Schulte’s Tables”, “Red-Black Tables” of Gorbov, professional motivation study technique by Catalin Zamfir (modified of A. A. Rean), R. Amthauer’s Intelligence Structure Test, and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire by R. Cattel, all of which allowed us to make conclusions about individual characteristics of the respondents. Fire-fighters and rescuers, who identified objective negative factors as the most significant, are marked by high work efficiency and fast adaptability; practical thinking, associated with the ability to quickly solve any arising problem; well-developed verbal skills; emotional robustness and, as a result, stable behavior, calmness and self-confidence. For firefighters and rescuers who marked subjective negative factors as the most significant typical characteristics are: rapid shift of attention; inductive speech thinking and accuracy of verbal formulations; ability to combine and argue relying on common sense; internal motivation for professional activities. Having studied relationships between personal characteristics of the volunteers and their assessments of negative occupational factors, we drew the following conclusions: 1. Objective negative factors have a direct impact on verbal skills, i. e. the stronger those negative factors affect, the more pronounced are practical thinking and communication skills. 2. Objective negative factors make a reverse affect on internal professional motivation, adaptability and emotional robustness, i. e. influenced by objective negative factors, the focus on the professional process decreases, the ability to quickly join in deteriorates, and emotional instability develops. 3. Subjective negative factors have a direct impact on internal professional motivation, i. e. subjective negative factors are all the more effective the more valuable the content of professional activity is for the volunteers, the easier they feel to adaptability and the more developed their caution and anxiety.

Suppression of the fires on objects of power represents quite difficult and labor-intensive process. It is connected with existence of a large amount of flammable substances and materials when which burning conditions, dangerous to the person, are created. The special danger is constituted by the fires on electric equipment where besides the main dangers there is also a defeat threat of electric current. For safety it is necessary to de-energize electric equipment before suppression that can take long time at which the fire will accept the considerable sizes. For implementation of actions for fire extinguishing on electric equipment without removal of tension from his current carrying parts, it is necessary to determine working parameters for fire extinguishing structures and means of their transportation and giving. The analysis of the carried-out works demonstrates that a large number of factors influences the safe conditions of application of fire extinguishing structures and means of their giving. One of types of fire extinguishing substance is sprayed water which is the main fire extinguishing component applied in installations of fire extinguishing with opportunities of hydroabrasive cutting. Feature of installations is the possibility of supply of fire extinguishing substances through protective designs directly to the seat of fire or a zone of burning. Respectively, when determining working parameters of installations of fire extinguishing with hydroabrasive cutting for their application at suppression of the fires of electric equipment pilot studies where the data array has been received have been energized conducted. Mathematical processing of the obtained experimental data by method of the regression analysis has been made for definition of the equations describing dependence of size of leak current on distance and tension. As a result of processing of experimental data dependences of size of leak current for water and mix of water and an abrasive have been received from distance and tension on subject to suppression. The received results are comparable to the results received earlier in works on determination of working parameters for manual fire trunks. It demonstrates to reliability of the received results and their correct processing. The received results allow to speak about a possibility of application of the considered installations of fire extinguishing for elimination of the fires which have arisen on electric equipment energized up to 30 kV from distance not less than 1 meter when using a dielectric set. Also received values need to be used at selection of knots and mechanisms to technical devices into which the fire extinguishing installation trunk, for their steady work and safety will be integrated.

It was considered possibility application of explosionproof electrical equipment with type of protection “filling or purging shell pressurized «p»” in explosive dust environments. A comparison of classes of explosive zones types of ignition protection of electrical equipment was presented. These features of the choice of levels of protection depending on the availability of sources of leakage and flammable substances were considered.