Introduction. Special requirements for fire safety, in particular for interior decoration, must be formulated for vehicles that are associated with the transport of people and goods, the rapid evacuation of which can not be carried out in the event of a fire. The current regulatory documents do not contain fire safety requirements or do not fully reflect them, which does not ensure the safety of personnel and cargo in the event of a possible fire.

Problems of the issue. The fire hazard assessment of materials used in the internal structure of vehicle elements is limited to determining the speed of flame propagation on a horizontal surface from a low-power ignition source and does not take into account other fire hazards that affect the safe evacuation of people. The purpose of the work is to develop proposals for improving the fire safety requirements of interior materials of special vehicles.

Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of existing regulatory criteria and methods for assessing the fire hazard of materials used for the interior of vehicles. The results of experimental evaluation of fire hazard parameters of materials showed that they are classified as non-flammable according to GOST 25076, according to other standard methods can be considered flammable, capable of forming a burning melt and extremely dangerous in terms of toxicity of Gorenje products.

Conclusions. It is advisable to limit the use of flammable materials in the interior of special vehicles and, along with the method used for assessing the fire hazard, make mandatory requirements for the exclusion of the formation of a burning melt and the toxicity of combustion products.

Introduction. The authors claim to have originally invented and introduced structural curve-following intumescent fire protection not only for cabling, but also for civil structures of investment construction projects (also those of buildings and facilities of the oil&gas complex since the operation of the structures is possible also in the maritime and the Arctic climate areas). The fire-protection is roll material with structural reinforcement capable of 3D-swelling at a thermal shock.

Statement of method. Tests have been conducted of retained operability of a cable line in a fire (as per GOST R 533162009) and of the fire-protection efficiency for a cable (as per GOST R 53311–2009). A magnitude 9 seismic impact as per MSK-64 was modeled. To determine the fir-resistance ratings, the fire-protection net was wrapped around columns and beams, as per GOST 30247.1–1994. A check of the fire-protection efficiency of the net (as per GOST 53295–2009) and a thermal analysis of the coating (as per GOST R 53293–2009) were executed.

Results and discussion. In the course of the standard tests, the following fire-protection net parameters were obtained: fire-protection efficiency — 15, 45 and 60 min; fire-resistance ratings of structures (beam) with the fire-protection net R15, R45 and R60; seismic resistance at least magnitude 9 as per MSK; category 1 as per GOST 15150–69 (HL, UHL, Т, ОМ climate designs, open grounds in the specified macro-climatic areas), allowing for retained operation properties of the fire-protection net in Arctic climate within at least 10 years; possibility of dry installation within a temperature range –60...90 °С at 100 % humidity.

Conclusions. A range of intumescent structural curve-following fire-protection materials for different civil structures (also for light thin-wall steel structures (LTWSS)) and cable lines in form of a frost- and oil-resistant polymer compound on non-flammable net base has been developed, certified and launched into serial manufacturing.

Introduction. The problem of quick identification of fire coordinates in the premises is particularly relevant electrical activation. A number of authors focus on this problem, in particular, they analyze the method of graphic and analytic positioning (х_о, у_о) of the fire seat in the premises.

Theoretical part. The method developed by the authors makes it possible to identify the coordinates of a fire by reading N values of temperature sensors. The method has the following features: 

a) it is based on the fire model obtained by R. Alpert for premises, and shows that it is necessary to take into account not just the temperature read by temperature sensors, but the value of this temperature in third power;

b) it allows you to determine the coordinates of the seat of fire, not only by the increase in temperature, but also by the speed of its growth, and the result in both cases will be almost the same and independent of either the height of the premises, or time, or the form of fire.

Computer experiment. To verify the obtained expression, a computer experiment was carried out using the example of a warehouse. For two A and B fire variants using R. Alpert model and the specified coordinates of the fronts, using a specially developed computer program, the dynamics of temperature increase ΔTi (t) and the rate of its change were simulated.

Full-Scale experiment. The paper presents the results of a full-scale experiment in which data from 16 thermocouples showing the spread of the thermal field of fire were registered. Using this data in the computer program it was possible to set the coordinates of the fire that corresponded to the real location of the seat of fire.

Conclusions. On the basis of the obtained expression it is possible to set quickly, with acceptable reliability, the coordinates of the seat of fire, which allows to forcefully activate one, two or three sprinklers that are able to fight the fire at the earliest stage with the minimum flow of fire extinguishing agent.

Introduction. When analyzing the fire safety of a facility, the conformity of actual limits of fire resistance of structures to the requirements of statutory documents is checked. Due to the complexity of the equations describing real systems and an extensive number of iterations required to obtain accurate results, software is used to perform calculations. One of the main goals of the paper is to analyze the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures in case of different fire models. The paper presents an analysis of the criteria for the evaluation of software programs and their classification, evaluation of recommendations for choosing fire safety software in compliance with the specific requirements of users.

Main (analytical) part. The paper analyzes various models of fires, taking into account the stages of fire spread, thermal and mechanical effects on structures exposed to fire, and prerequisites for their use by the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures. Fire resistance models of structures, zone and field models, as well as models used to calculate evacuation time and detector response time when solving related problems are considered. The classification of software programmes is analyzed subject to the type of problems to be solved: the behavior of a structure exposed to high temperatures and mechanical impacts in case of real fire, and requirements applicable to safe structures. Certain estimates and assumptions, necessary for specialists to use software in their calculations, are considered.

Conclusions. Recommendations on the choice of fire safety assurance software, meeting the specific needs of users, are provided.

Introduction. In the process of designing warehouse buildings, taking into account the adopted design decisions, it is required to assess the compliance of the actual fire resistance limits of building structures with the required fire resistance limits. The fire resistance limits of the (actual) building structures are determined under the influence of a “standard” temperature regime, the use of which can lead to both laying an overestimated fire resistance margin in a project and underestimating the thermal effect in a “real” fire.

Aims and purposes. The purpose of the study is to assess the convergence of the “standard” temperature regime and possible “real” temperature regimes of fires in modern warehouse buildings, as well as the correspondence of actual fire resistance limits to the effects of “real” fires. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: mathematical modeling of the development of a “real” fire by the field method in a warehouse building at different fire loads was carried out, as well as modeling of heating of the supporting structures of the coating according to the standard temperature regime and the “real” temperature conditions of the fire obtained during the simulation; the required fire resistance limits of the bearing building structures of the coating are determined through the equivalent duration of the fire.

Methods. A storage building of a standard form with dimensions of 12×12×6.5 m was chosen as the object of the study. The building has a 4×4 meter gate in the amount of 2 pieces and an entrance door of 1×2 meter size. Within the walls of the building are 32 windows measuring 0.7×1 meter. Coverage — an impassable flat roof over metal trusses. The parameters of the fire load during mathematical modeling were taken according to the reference data of Yu.A. Koshmarov 12 types of typical fire load stored in warehouse buildings are considered. For mathematical modeling of “real” temperature fires, the “Fire Dynamics Simulator” (FDS) software package was used, which implements a field (differential) mathematical model. For mathematical modeling of the heating process of steel building structures, the finite-difference method for solving the Fourier heat equation with external and internal nonlinearity was used, implemented in the ANSYS Mechanical software package. results and discussion. The results of modeling in the FDS software package show that the temperature impact on the structure according to the standard temperature regime for fire loads: cables+wires, industrial oil, ethyl alcohol was less, which indicates an underestimation of the thermal impact on the structure. The results of modeling the heating of structures showed that the heating time of the coating truss is up to 400–700 °C for fire loads: cables+wires, industrial oil, ethyl alcohol less than the time obtained from standard tests, which indicates an initial underestimation of the actual fire resistance of steel structures of the coating when designing warehouse buildings.

Conclusions. The assumption that the thermal impact of the standard temperature regime on the steel structures of modern warehouse complexes was underestimated was confirmed for 3 of the 12 fire loads considered, namely: cables+wires, industrial oil, ethyl alcohol.

Introduction. In the last decade, various software products have been created in Russia that claim to be a computer equivalent to the statutory document “Method of determining design values of fire risk in buildings, structures and constructions of different functional fire hazard classes”. In some of them, the complex of the programs completely substituting all sections of this document is given; others concern only modelling of time of evacuation of people and determining, on this basis, the probability of evacuation P ev which value, at not functioning systems of active fire protection (K = 0.8–0.9), shall be equal 0.999.

Analysis of results of Determining estimated Time of evacuation in Software and Computing Systems. However, the reference data on which it is possible to check the accuracy of calculations of estimated time of evacuation t e is not given, and the majority of buyers of these systems do not have enough skills for this purpose. Software and computing system salesmen provide demo versions of software to customers, but refuse to disclose the source data on which they are based. They explain this “secrecy” by the fact that the software sold contains a certain KNOW-HOW which is their copyright. Therefore, the purchase and sale is, in fact, based only on the trust of the buyer to the seller. But the universal thing “Try before you trust” makes you look for what to check first and how to do it. What to check first is listed in the technical regulations “On fire safety requirements”: safety of evacuation, its promptness and unhindered access. The article is motivated by these criteria, examples of tragic consequences of their non-fulfillment are given.
The authors then show how to perform such a test through the simplest examples. For this purpose, calculation of time of evacuation of a human flow at consecutive change of its density under Fogard Rv programs is made, Sigma PB, Urban; the calculation of the same situations using a simplified analytical model is made “Manually”. The deviations of tp values, obtained by computer programs from the values in the manual сomputation are calculated in percents. The evaluation of these deviations, given in the tables and on the graphs, shows that the developers of software and computing systems change in their calculations the domain area (model) used in the Methodology, i.e. distort the patterns of connection between the parameters of human flows established as a result of scientific discovery.

Conclusions and proposals. As a result it is shown that results of the considered commercial software and computing systems considerably underestimate estimated time of evacuation of people, defining it below time of achievement of critical levels of influence by hazards of fire tbs , i.е. create the illusion of fulfilment of the condition: t e,i ≤ tbs . This allows the customer of this software product not to fulfill expensive requirements of fire safety of the facility. Thus, the owners of these software and computing systems mislead the citizens who are in buildings and structures regarding the safety of their health and life.

Introduction. Rationale of the topic of this article is the need to improve the effectiveness of fire detection. One of the modern solutions to this problem is the use of video technology. The article is aimed at developing a method to assess the effectiveness of video surveillance in the fire protection system on the basis of the formed mathematical model.

Methods of research. The fire risks theory is used for formation of mathematical model. The potential fire detection risk is introduced as a quantitative measure of the possibility of undetected fire occurrence at the protected facility, development and implementation of its consequences for people and material valuables. It is calculated as the product of the maximum probability of fire by the probability of its non-detection by the technical means and alarm systems used. The efficiency of video surveillance use in the fire protection system is determined on the basis of compliance of the complex risk index of fire non-detection with the permissible value.

Research results. The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of fire detection through the use of video technology are considered. Reducing the fire detection risk can be achieved by using video channel fire detectors that reduce the time it takes to reliably detect a fire. The probability of reliable detection is an important parameter of the detector during its operation in the fire alarm system and characterizes the degree of performance of its main function. The main ways to improve the efficiency of fire detection are the improvement of fire detectors with video channel, the joint use of fire video detectors and other detection devices, such as automatic multi-criteria detectors, thermal imaging сamera, as well as the use of photo and video in centralized surveillance systems.

Conclusions. The offered method of estimation of efficiency of application of video surveillance in fire protection systems can be used for a substantiation of parameters of technical means (systems) of the fire alarm system and passive fire-fighting measures established on the facility.

Introduction. Currently, the industry produces a wide range of foam generators to produce fire-extinguishing foams, and the foams they produce differ significantly in their expansion ratio and, consequently, fire resistance. Since heat fluxes have the main destructive effect on the foam, the purpose of this paper is to establish the patterns of destruction of foam of different expansion ratio when heated.

Methods of research. The foam with expansion ratio from 7.5 to 80 was used for the tests. It was obtained by mechanical beating of 6 % solution of foaming agent PO-6RZ. The thermal stability of the foam was studied when the heat flow from the gas burner flame affects the foam layer. During the experiment, the change in the height of the foam column in time was recorded.

Results and Discussion. The results of measurements, presented in the form of dependence of foam layer destruction rate on time, quantity of released liquid phase on 1 m²·s, dependence of foam layer destruction rate on its density allowed revealing a number of patterns. The destruction rate of foam with an expansion ratio of up to 30 remains constant throughout the entire duration of thermal exposure. As the foam expansion ratio increases, the rate of destruction at the initial stage of heat flux exposure increases. With a foam expansion ratio of more than 50, there is initially a sharp increase in the rate of destruction, which subsequently decreases as the foam column decreases. In the conditions of the experiment, the best characteristics were shown by the foam with an expansion ratio of 50, because in the foam with a smaller expansion ratio the syneresis makes a significant contribution to its destruction, and the foams with a larger expansion ratio are destroyed by the mechanical effect of convective flame flows.

Conclusion. The study of the foam destruction patterns under thermal impact allowed establishing the fact that its destruction is limited by the rate of impoverishment of the upper layers with liquid.

The historical records regarding classification of premises by explosion and fire hazards have been reviewed. The analysis of regulatory documents and scientific publications on this subject has been carried out. The clarification on selecting the explosion overpressure value as a criterion for classifying premises and production facilities as explosive and fire hazardous ones is provided. The synthesized information on types of industrial building damages and injuries to people due to explosion overpressure in emergencies is presented. Other fire and explosion hazards that can result in human death are described.