New means of providing evacuation in public buildings with mass stay of people

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for widespread implementation of unique compact smoke deposition devices in the practice of providing evacuation from public buildings, in particular shopping centers. The following problems are solved in the article: the rationale for the design of the nebulizer, which has no limitations for use in public buildings with a mass stay of people; choice of the prototype of mass application; description and analysis of the experiments; development of recommendations for the use of the nebulizer; the rationale for the further development of its design.

Methodology. It is shown that toxic smoke is a major damaging factor (more than 90 % of people affected by fires in public buildings, including shopping mall). For the deposition of smoke and provide escape routes, sprinkler systems are designed, but they are ineffective for smoke deposition and ineffective in neutralizing toxicity. A whole complex of measures was developed for the urgent alteration of shopping centers, increasing the executive discipline of personnel and building owners, eliminating numerous violations of the construction of prefabricated buildings, replacing flammable finishing materials and fillers of soft toys, intensively emitting smoke, regular training for evacuation from shopping centers, advanced training in protection.

Results and discussion. It is substantiated that the fastest and most effective measure can be the equipping of shopping centers with new manual smoke sedimenting extinguishers — mini fire extinguishers. In the polygon tests, the effectiveness of new devices for creating evacuation routes by the method of precipitation and neutralization of thick toxic smoke was demonstrated. It is shown that the use of these devices does not require special training: they can be effectively used by guards and visitors to shopping centers and other public buildings for self-rescue, putting out burning clothes on a person and creating short passes in smoke. A high range of spraying and quenching by mini fire extinguishers has been identified. Their advantages are proved in comparison with stationary sprinkler systems, according to the instructions intended.

Conclusions. It is expedient and necessary to create and certify the production of new impulse sprayers with compactness, durability, efficiency, and to conduct an advertising campaign based on the results presented, to create a regulatory framework and legislative support for the introduction of such sprayers in the interests of the safety of visitors to the SEC, discotheques and other public buildings

1. Kalach A. V., Petrov E. Yu., Fedyanin V. A I. Application of new fire safety systems for prevention of conflagration in shopping and entertainment center “Moskovsky Prospekt”. Sovremennyye tekhnologii obespecheniya grazhdanskoy oborony i likvidatsii posledstviy chrezvychaynykh situatsiy / Modern Tech- nologies of Civil Defense and Elimination of Emergencies, 2012, no. 1(3), pp. 334–337 (in Russian).

2. Maltsev A. N. Introduction of automatic fire-extinguishing systems to shopping senters. NovaInfo.Ru, 2016, vol. 2, no. 53, pp. 66–70 (in Russian).

3. Kharchenko I. A., Klimas R. V., Skorobagatko T. N., Yakimenko E. F. Toxicity of combustion products is the main cause of loss of life as a result of fires. Aktualnyye problemy transportnoy meditsiny / Actual Problems of Transport Medicine, 2006, no. 4(6), pp. 41–45 (in Ukrainian).

4. Hoang Tho Duc, Korolchenko A. Ya. Selection system of warning and evacuation control during a fire. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost / Fire and Explosion Safety, 2013, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 69–75 (in Russian).

5. Recht R. F. High velocity impact dynamics: analytical modeling and plate penetration dynamics. In: Zucas J. A. (ed.). High velocity impact dynamics. New York, John Willey & Sons, 1990, pp. 443–513.

6. Han J., Tryggvason G. Secondary breakup of axisymmetric liquid drops. II. Impulsive acceleration. Physics of Fluids, 2001, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1554–1565. DOI: 10.1063/1.1370389.

7. Thomas G. O. On the conditions required for explosion mitigation by water sprays. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2000, vol. 78, issue 5, pp. 339–354. DOI: 10.1205/095758200530862.

8. Duan R.-Q., Koshizuka S., Oka Y. Numerical and theoretical investigation of effect of density ratio on the critical Weber number of droplet breakup. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2003, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 501–508. DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2003.9715384.

9. Segal S., Chandy A., Mikolaitis D. Breakup of droplets under shock impact. In: Roy G. D., Frolov S. M., Santoro R. J., Tsyganov S. A. (eds.). Advances in confined detonations. Moscow, Torus Press, 2002, pp. 127–132.

10. Zakhmatov V. D., Silnikov M. V., Chernyshov M. V. Devices to beat out the flames of rocket propulsive jets at spaceship starting. European Journal of Natural History, 2016, no. 4, pp. 72–79.

11. Yanson L., Phariss M., Hermanson J. Effects of liquid superheat on droplet disruption in a supersonic stream. In: 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (10–13 January 2005, Reno, Nevada), paper AIAA 2005-351. DOI: 10.2514/6.2005-351.

12. Luxford G., Hammond D. W., Ivey P. Role of droplet distortion and break-up in large droplet aircraft icing. In: 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (5–8 January 2004, Reno, Nevada), paper AIAA 2004-411. DOI: 10.2514/6.2004-411.

13. Park S. W., Kim S., Lee C. S. Breakup and atomization characteristics of mono-dispersed diesel droplets in a cross-flow air stream. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2006, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 807–822. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.02.019.

14. Duan R.-Q., Koshizuka S., Oka Y. Two-dimensional simulation of drop deformation and breakup at around the critical Weber number. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2003, vol. 225, no. 1, pp. 37–48. DOI: 10.1016/s0029-5493(03)00137-7.

15. Nomura K., Koshizuka S., Oka Y., Obata H. Numerical analysis of droplet breakup behavior using particle method. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2001, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1057–1064. DOI: 10.3327/jnst.38.1057.

16. Chernyshov M. V., Danilov N. A. Study and optimization of shock-wave structures in problems of aerogasodynamics and blast protection. In: XI Vserossiyskiy syezd po problemam teoreticheskoy i priklad- noy mekhaniki. Sbornik dokladov [Proceedings of XI All-Russian Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics]. Kazan, Kazan University Publ., 2015, pp. 4067–4070 (in Russian).

17. Bochkareva E. M., Terekhov V. V., Terekhov V. I., Nemtsev V. A., Sorokin V. V. Reduction in the vapor pressure in condensation on cold droplets of a liquid. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermo- physics, 2016, vol. 89, issue 3, pp. 553–558.

18. Zakhmatov V. D., Silnikov M. V., Chernyshov M. V. Overview of impulse fire-extinguishing system applications. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 2016, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 490–499.

19. Zakhmatov V. D., Puzynya O. V. Protection of policemen in mass disturbances. Zashchita i bezopas- nost / Protection and Security, 2014, no. 2(69), pp. 10–11 (in Russian).

20. Zakhmatov V. Torud, pommid ja labidad — plahvatuslik tuletorjetehnoloogia. Inseneeria (Tallinn, Estonia), 2014, no. 2, pp. 14–20.