On the problem of experimental justification of low explosibility for dust/air mixture in the 20-l chamber

It is known (Eckhoff, 2003) that an experimental study of aero-suspension of dust with low explosivity in a 20-liter chamber leads to overestimation of the explosion. A special concern is the risk of a qualitative error, when non-explosive dust will be transferred to explosive dusts, which will cause unjustified costs for ensuring the safety of industries involving this dust. This work is aimed at reducing this risk. In this work, a quantitative analysis of the causes of overstatement of dust explosiveness is performed. It is shown that the testing of dust/air mixture in a 20-liter chamber does not correspond to the normal initial conditions of the investigation (pressure 100 kPa, temperature 25 °C) stated in the methodologies and, in fact, is an explosion hazard study of dust/air mixture with an increased initial temperature and an increased initial pressure in the chamber. Two processes lead to an increase in the initial temperature: the dispersion of particulate material in the chamber by a pulse of compressed air from the receiver; adiabatic compression of dust/air mixture upon activation of the ignition source and local burning out of the dust found in the flame and/or near the flame of the ignition source. The latter process leads to an increase in the initial pressure in the chamber. The implementation of this analysis required the development of a reliable criterion for the explosion of dust, since there is still no single idea of such a criterion, judging by the norms of the United States and European countries. The new criterion is based on two assumptions: (1) on limiting the variety of the development of dust ignition in two scenarios (Cashdollar and Chatrathi, 1993) - local burning out of dust in some neighborhood of the ignition source and dust explosion, covering the entire volume of the chamber and (2) on the essential difference between pressure jumps in the chamber, expected for different scenarios. Two variants of application of the results of this work are demonstrated. First, it is possible to forecast the conditions under which an explosive danger arises in the dust, which is not explosive under normal conditions. Such a forecast is made in case of recording the explosion of this dust in a 20-liter chamber and assessing the real initial conditions of the study. In particular, an explosion of anthracite, investigated in a 20-liter US Bureau of Mines, is predicted to be explosive at a temperature of 140 °C. Secondly, it is possible to outline ways of realizing the conditions for experimental investigation of dust with a low explosivity, close to normal. They will significantly improve the reliability of the conclusion about the low explosiveness of combustible dust without the use of large-scale equipment. Two such methods are proposed in the work. The first method is based on the reasonable assumption that for a dust with a low explosion hazard low oxygen concentration LOC » 0.21, and the known empirical linear dependence of the explosion index K_st on the oxygen content in air. Within the framework of this method, a search is made for the LOC, by examining K_st for dust suspensions in air enriched with oxygen. The explosion hazard of dust is judged by the ratio between the extrapolation obtained by the LOC and the usual oxygen content in the air (0.21). The second method involves a modified design of a 20-l camera, which differs from the standard design of a 20-liter chamber in a vertically extended shape and variable volume. The latter is achieved by using a “flexible” top end of a polymer film, initially concave into the chamber, but assuming a convex shape after dust dispersion and triggering the ignition source.

взрыв пыли, 20-л камера, критерий взрыва, низкая взрывоопасность, высокое LOC, антрацит, dust explosion, 20-l chamber, explosion criterion, low explosivity, high LOC, anthracite

1. Eckhoff R. K. Dust explosions in the process industries. 3rd edition.-Boston : Elsevier Science, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2003.-720 p.

2. Brenn- und Explosions - KenngrцЯen von Stдuben / Scholl E. W., Reeh D., Wiemann W. u. a. // SFT-Report. -1979.-No. 2.2. -100 p. (in German).

3. ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016. Explosive atmospheres-Part 20-2: Material characteristics-Combustible dusts test methods. 1st edition. -Geneva, Switzerland : ISO/IEC, 2016. -100 p.

4. NFPA 654. Standard for the prevention of fire and dust explosions from the manufacturing, processing, and handling of combustible particulate solids. 2013 Edition.-Quincy, Massachusetts : National Fire Protection Association, 2012.-56 p.

5. Bartknecht W. Explosionen, ablauf und schutzmaЯnahmen.-Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1980-259 p. (in German).

6. ISO 6184-1:1985. Explosion protection systems-Part 1: Determination of explosion indices of combustible dusts in air. -Geneva : International Organization of Standardization, 1985. -5 p.

7. Cesana C., Siwek R. Operating instructions 20-l-apparatus. Ver. 7.0.-Birsfelden :Kьhner AG, 2009.

8. Proust Ch., Accorsi A., Dupont L. Measuring the violence of dust explosions with the “20l sphere” and with the standard “ISO 1 m3 vessel”: Systematic comparison and analysis of the discrepancies // Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. - Vol. 20, Issue 4-6. - P. 599-606. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2007.04.032.

9. Hertzberg M., Cashdollar K. L., Zlochower I. A. Flammability limit measurements for dusts and gases: Ignition energy requirements and pressure dependences // Symposium (International) on Combustion. -1988. -Vol. 21, Issue 1. -Р. 303-313. DOI: 10.1016/S0082-0784(88)80258-3.

10. Cashdollar K. L., Chatrathi K. Minimum explosible dust concentrations measured in 20-l and 1-m3 chambers // Combustion Science and Technology.-1993.-Vol. 87, Issue 1-6.-P. 157-171. DOI: 10.1080/00102209208947213.

11. NFPA 68. Standard on explosion protection by deflagration venting. 2013 Edition.-Quincy, Massachusetts : National Fire Protection Association, 2013.

12. Cloney C. T., Ripley R. C., Amyotte P. R., Khan F. I. Quantifying the effect of strong ignition sources on particle preconditioning and distribution in the 20-L chamber // Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. -2013.-Vol. 26, Issue 6. -P. 1574-1582. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2013.08.010.

13. ASTM E1515-14. Standard test method for minimum explosible concentration of combustible dusts. -West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, 2014. -9 p. DOI: 10.1520/E1515-14.

14. BS EN 14034-3:2006+A1:2011. Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 3: Determination of the lower explosion limit LEL of dust clouds.-European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), 2011.-30 p.

15. ASTM E1226-12a. Standard test method for explosibility of dust clouds.-West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, 2012.-13 p. DOI: 10.1520/E1226-12A.

16. Siwek R. Determination of technical safety indices and factors influencing hazard evaluation of dusts // Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. - 1996. - Vol. 9, No. 1. - P. 21-31. DOI: 10.1016/0950-4230(95)00057-7.

17. Lipatnikov A. Fundamentals of premixed turbulent combustion.-Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.-548 p. DOI: 10.1201/b12973.