Explosion hazard of time course local change

Introduction. Assuming that the course of time has changed in a limited area of space near the Earth’s surface, the explosiveness of such an event is analyzed.

The object and foundations of the research method. In a spherically symmetric formulation of the problem, perturbations of an ideal gas (air) caused by a change in the course of time (by a relative magnitude θ of the order of ±10–12) in a stationary region of space were investigated. The solution of the problem is based on the assumption that it is legitimate to modify the known dependence of the clock readings on the location of the clock in an accelerated moving reference frame (Einstein, 1907), when the acceleration (cause) and the change in time course (effect) are permuted.

The results and their discussion. In the zone of time course change, a field acceleration series, which, in its effect on the air, is similar to the gravitational field. The boundary area of the zone acts as a “pump”, pumping ambient air into the zone or ejecting it from the zone in case of θ < 0 or θ > 0, respectively. At the same time, the air pressure and temperature in the zone respectively increase or decrease, in some cases, by orders of magnitude.

Indirect verification of results. It is made by applying the obtained results to the description of vortex motion and ball lightning.

Conclusions. A dimensionless parameter θ is introduced, expressing a local perturbation (change) of time course in relation to the time course in the rest of space, where θ = 0. A model is proposed for studying changes in atmospheric parameters in a zone where θ ≠ 0. The estimates of the extreme values of the parameters of the air condition in the zone for the cases of time course decrease (θ < 0) and increase (θ > 0) are performed. For the case θ < 0, the relaxation of the time course fluctuation (θ → 0) can be accompanied by an explosion. The model with θ > 0 can be used to explain the glow of a ball lightning that disappears without an explosion.

1. Einstein A. Uber das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselbon gezogenen Folgerungen. Radioaktivität u. Elektronik. 1907; 4:411. (ger).

2. Landau L.D., Lifschitz E.M. Mechanics. 5th ed., Vol. 1. Moscow, 2004; 224. (rus).

3. Sedov L.I. Mechanics of a continuous medium. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1970; 1:492. (rus).

4. Rindler W. Visual horizons in world-models. General Relativity and Gravitation. 2002; 34(1):133-153. DOI: 10.1023/a:1015347106729

5. Melia F. The apparent (gravitational) horizon in cosmology. American Journal of Physics. 2018; 86(8):585-593. DOI: 10.1119/1.5045333

6. Zlotnikov M. Inflation alternative via the gravitational field of a singularity. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2022. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/ad210d

7. Faraoni V., Ellis G.F.R., Firouzjaee J.T., Helou A., Musco I. Foliation dependence of black hole apparent horizons in spherical symmetry. Physical Review D. 2017; 95(2). DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.95.024008

8. Coley A.A., Ellis G.F.R. Theoretical cosmology. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2019. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/ab49b6

9. Baratov A.N., Korolchenko A.Ya., Kravchuk G.N. et al. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials and means of their extinguishing : cases. In 2 books. Moscow, Khimiya Publ., 1990 (rus).

10. Molkov V., Kashkarov S. Blast wave from a high-pressure gas tan.rupture in a fire: Stand-alone and under-­vehicle hydrogen tanks. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015; 40(36):12581-12603. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.027

11. Shebeko Yu.N. Behavior of compressed and liquefied hydrogen tanks in a fire zone. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2024; 33(2):50-58. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2024.33.02.50-58 (rus).

12. Myilsamy D., Oh C.B. Computational study of a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank explosion at different heights from the ground. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2024; 50(2). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.138

13. Mahabaduge H. A review of ball lightning models. Georgia Journal of Science. 2019; 77(2). URL: https://digitalcommons.gaacademy.org/gjs/vol77/iss2/18

14. Oreshko A.G., Oreshko A.A., Mavlyudov T.B. Proton-electron model of ball lightning structure. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2019; 182:194-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2018.11.017

15. Nikitin A.I., Nikitin V.A., Velichko A.M., Nikitina T.F. Features of the mechanism of ball lightning electromagnetic radiation. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2021; 222:105711. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105711

16. Shmatov M.L., Stephan K.D. Questions regarding alleged laboratory creation of ball lightning. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2023; 242:105995. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105995

17. Kapitsa P.L. On a nature of ball lightning. Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1955; 101(2):245-248. (rus).

18. Husain E., Nema R. Analysis of Paschen Curves for air, N2 and SF6 Using the Townsend Breakdown Equation. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation. 1982; 4:350-353. DOI: 10.1109/TEI.1982.298506

19. Raiser Yu.P. Physics of a gas discharge. 2nd ed. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1992; 536. (rus).

20. Feynman R.P., Leighton R.B., Sands M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II. Electromagnetism and Matter. Basic Books, New York, 2010; 566.