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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/PVB.2020.29.03.66-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-878</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LIFE SAFETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Корректность компьютерной модели и наша жизнь</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Correctness of the computer model and our life</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-7749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холщевников</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholshchevnikov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ХОЛЩЕВНИКОВ Валерий Васильевич, д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры пожарной безопасности в строительстве, Академия Государственной противопожарной службы МЧС России; главный научный сотрудник, Институт комплексной безопасности в строительстве, Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет; эксперт, Научно-исследовательский институт «Республиканский исследовательский научно-консультационный центр экспертизы». Scopus Author ID: 57194448578; ResearcherID: AAP-2971-2020</p><p>129366, г. Москва, ул. Бориса Галушкина, 4129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, 26123317, г. Москва, ул. Антонова-Овсеенко, 13, стр. 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeriy V. KHOLSHCHEVNIKOV, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of Fire Safety in Construction Department, Academy of the State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia; Chief Researcher of Institute of Integrated Safety in Construction, National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering; Expert of Scientific Research Institute “Federal Research Centre for Projects Evaluation and Consulting Services”. Author ID: 57194448578; ResearcherID: AAP-2971-2020</p><p>Borisa Galushkina St., 4, Moscow, 129366Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 26, Moscow, 129337Antonova-Ovseenko St., 13, Bldg. 1, Moscow, 123317 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">reglament2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-8773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфененко</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfenenko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ПАРФЕНЕНКО Александр Павлович, канд. техн. наук, заместитель директора, Институт комплексной безопасности в строительстве; доцент кафедры комплексной безопасности в строительстве. Scopus Author ID: 57214086032; ResearcherID: AAP-2933-2020</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, 26</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander P. PARFENENKO, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Deputy Head of Institute of Integrated Safety in Construction, Associate Professor of Department of Integrated Safety in Civil Engineering. Scopus Author ID: 57214086032; ResearcherID: AAP-2933-2020</p><p>Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 26, Moscow, 129337</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">parf01@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Академия Государственной противопожарной службы МЧС России; Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет; НИИ «Республиканский исследовательский научно-консультационный центр экспертизы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia; National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering; Scientific Research Institute “Federal Research Centre for Projects Evaluation and Consulting Services”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Холщевников В.В., Парфененко А.П., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Холщевников В.В., Парфененко А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kholshchevnikov V.V., Parfenenko A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/878">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/878</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В последнее десятилетие в России создаются различные программные продукты, претендующие на роль компьютерного эквивалента нормативному документу «Методика определения расчетных величин пожарного риска в зданиях, сооружениях и строениях различных классов функциональной пожарной опасности» (далее — Методика). В некоторых из них приводится комплекс программ, полностью подменяющий все разделы этого документа; другие касаются только моделирования времени эвакуации людей и определения на этом основании величины вероятности эвакуации Рэв , значение которой при нефункционирующих системах активной противопожарной защиты (K = 0,8…0,9) должно быть равно 0,999.</p><p>Анализ результатов определения расчетного времени эвакуации в программно-вычислительных комплексах. Эталонные данные, по которым можно проверить точность вычислений расчетного времени эвакуации tр , не приводятся, а большинство покупателей этих комплексов не обладают для этого необходимыми навыками. Авторы и продавцы программно-вычислительных комплексов предоставляют покупателям демонстрационные версии программ, но отказываются раскрывать исходные данные, на которых они базируются. Такую скрытность они объясняют тем, что продаваемые программы содержат некие ноу-хау, являющиеся их авторской собственностью. Поэтому купля-продажа основывается фактически только на доверии покупателя к продавцу. Однако здравый смысл заставляет искать те элементы программы, которые нужно проверить в первую очередь, а также способы осуществления подобной проверки. Элементы, требующие первоочередной проверки, перечислены в техническом регламенте «О требованиях пожарной безопасности»: безопасность эвакуации, ее своевременность и беспрепятственность. В статье мотивированы эти критерии — приведены примеры трагических последствий их невыполнения.На простейших примерах авторы демонстрируют, как провести такую проверку. Для этого проведен расчет времени эвакуации людского потока при последовательном изменении его плотности по программам «Фогард Рв», Fenix+, «Сигма ПБ», «Урбан». Вручную сделан расчет таких же ситуаций по упрощенной аналитической модели. В процентах вычислены отклонения значений ∆tр , полученных в результате работы компьютерных программ, от значений при ручном счете. Оценка этих отклонений, приведенная в таблицах и продемонстрированная на графиках, показывает, что авторы программно-вычислительных комплексов изменяют в своих расчетах предметную область (модель), использованную в Методике, т.е. искажают установленные в результате научного открытия закономерности связи между параметрами людских потоков.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы и предложения</title><p>Выводы и предложения. В итоге показано, что рассмотренные коммерческие программно-вычислительные комплексы значительно занижают расчетное время эвакуации людей, определяя его ниже времени достижения критических уровней воздействия опасными факторами пожара tнб , т.е. создают иллюзию выполнения условия t э,i ≤ tнб . Данное обстоятельство позволяет заказчику этого программного продукта не выполнять дорогостоящие требования обеспечения пожарной безопасности объекта. Тем самым владельцы этих программно-вычислительных комплексов вводят в заблуждение граждан, находящихся в зданиях и сооружениях, относительно обеспечения безопасности их здоровья и жизни.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. In the last decade, various software products have been created in Russia that claim to be a computer equivalent to the statutory document “Method of determining design values of fire risk in buildings, structures and constructions of different functional fire hazard classes”. In some of them, the complex of the programs completely substituting all sections of this document is given; others concern only modelling of time of evacuation of people and determining, on this basis, the probability of evacuation P ev which value, at not functioning systems of active fire protection (K = 0.8–0.9), shall be equal 0.999.</p><p>Analysis of results of Determining estimated Time of evacuation in Software and Computing Systems. However, the reference data on which it is possible to check the accuracy of calculations of estimated time of evacuation t e is not given, and the majority of buyers of these systems do not have enough skills for this purpose. Software and computing system salesmen provide demo versions of software to customers, but refuse to disclose the source data on which they are based. They explain this “secrecy” by the fact that the software sold contains a certain KNOW-HOW which is their copyright. Therefore, the purchase and sale is, in fact, based only on the trust of the buyer to the seller. But the universal thing “Try before you trust” makes you look for what to check first and how to do it. What to check first is listed in the technical regulations “On fire safety requirements”: safety of evacuation, its promptness and unhindered access. The article is motivated by these criteria, examples of tragic consequences of their non-fulfillment are given.The authors then show how to perform such a test through the simplest examples. For this purpose, calculation of time of evacuation of a human flow at consecutive change of its density under Fogard Rv programs is made, Sigma PB, Urban; the calculation of the same situations using a simplified analytical model is made “Manually”. The deviations of tp values, obtained by computer programs from the values in the manual сomputation are calculated in percents. The evaluation of these deviations, given in the tables and on the graphs, shows that the developers of software and computing systems change in their calculations the domain area (model) used in the Methodology, i.e. distort the patterns of connection between the parameters of human flows established as a result of scientific discovery.</p><p>Conclusions and proposals. As a result it is shown that results of the considered commercial software and computing systems considerably underestimate estimated time of evacuation of people, defining it below time of achievement of critical levels of influence by hazards of fire tbs , i.е. create the illusion of fulfilment of the condition: t e,i ≤ tbs . This allows the customer of this software product not to fulfill expensive requirements of fire safety of the facility. Thus, the owners of these software and computing systems mislead the citizens who are in buildings and structures regarding the safety of their health and life.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>пожар</kwd><kwd>эвакуация</kwd><kwd>людской поток</kwd><kwd>модель</kwd><kwd>компьютеризация</kwd><kwd>опасные факторы</kwd><kwd>программное обеспечение</kwd><kwd>предметная область</kwd><kwd>закономерность</kwd><kwd>сертификация</kwd><kwd>экспертиза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>fire</kwd><kwd>evacuation</kwd><kwd>human flow</kwd><kwd>model</kwd><kwd>computerization</kwd><kwd>hazards</kwd><kwd>software</kwd><kwd>domain area</kwd><kwd>pattern</kwd><kwd>certification</kwd><kwd>expertise</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kholshchevnikov V.V., Predtechenskiy V.M. 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