<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18322/PVB.2020.29.01.32-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-822</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ВЕЩЕСТВ И МАТЕРИАЛОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пожарная опасность текстильных материалов на основе полиэфирных волокон для вагонов железнодорожного транспорта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fire hazard of textile materials based on polyester fibers for rail vehicles</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-2127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шебеко</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shebeko</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ШЕБЕКО Алексей Юрьевич - канд. техн. наук, начальник отдела пожарной безопасности строительных материалов.</p><p>Author ID: 14627996600; Researcher ID: G-1975-2016</p><p>143903, Московская обл., г. Балашиха, мкр. ВНИИПО, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey Yu. SHEBEKO- Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of Department of Fire Safety of Building Materials.</p><p>Author ID: 14627996600; Re­sear­cher ID: G-1975-2016</p><p>VNIIPO, 12, Balashikha, Moscow Region, 143903</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ay_shebeko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-0698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константинова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>КОНСТАНТИНОВА Наталия Ивановна - д-р техн. наук, профессор, гл. научный сотрудник отдела пожарной безопасности строительных материалов.</p><p>Author ID: 57195464313</p><p>143903, Московская обл., г. Балашиха, мкр. ВНИИПО, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya I. KONSTANTINOVA - Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Chief Researcher at Department of Fire Safety of Building Materials.</p><p>Author ID: 57195464313</p><p>VNIIPO, 12, Balashikha, Moscow Region, 143903</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">firelab_vniipo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-6841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цариченко</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsarichenko</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ЦАРИЧЕНКО Сергей Георгиевич - д-р техн. наук, за­мес­титель генерального директора.</p><p>115191, г. Москва, ул. Новая Заря, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey G. TSARICHENKO - Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Deputy General Director.</p><p>Novaya Zarya St., 6, Moscow, 115191</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsarichenko_s@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт противопожарной обороны МЧС России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of Emercom of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО “АТЛАС”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Open Liability Company “ATLAS”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шебеко А.Ю., Константинова Н.И., Цариченко С.Г., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шебеко А.Ю., Константинова Н.И., Цариченко С.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shebeko A.Y., Konstantinova N.I., Tsarichenko S.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/822">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/822</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Широкое применение для обустройства пассажирских вагонов (шторы, обивка и чехлы кресел и диванов, постельные принадлежности) имеют ткани из огнезащищенных, химически модифицированных ­полиэфирных волокон, удовлетворяющие зарубежным требованиям. Экспериментальные исследования параметров пожарной опасности таких трудновоспламеняемых тканей согласно российским требованиям к материалам для отделки вагонов показали невозможность достижения нормативных критериев по токсичности продуктов горения и дымообразующей способности из-за особенностей процесса их термического разло­жения. Поэтому важной задачей является проведение комплексных исследований по обоснованию возмож­ности установления реально приемлемых численных значений критериев токсичности продуктов горения и дымообразования.</p></sec><sec><title>Проблематика вопроса</title><p>Проблематика вопроса. Особенностью термического разложения полиэтилентерефталата (ПЭТФ) является его способность при высоких температурах находиться в вязкотекучем состоянии. Наиболее эффективный метод огнезащиты волокон из ПЭТФ — химическое модифицирование на стадии их получения за счет введения в процессе синтеза фосфорорганических функциональных соединений. Широкое применение в обустройстве вагонов огнезащищенных тканей значительно сдерживается из-за их несоответствия требованиям по дымообразующей способности и показателю токсичности продуктов горения.</p><p>Результаты и их обсуждение. Введение в полимерную цепь ПЭТФ замедлителей горения, не влияющих на условия технологической переработки, возможно при их содержании не более 10 % (масс.). Такое количество антипирена обеспечивает устойчивость материала к воспламенению и распространению пламени по поверхности, отсутствие образования горящего расплава, но не изменяет существенно показатель токсичности продуктов горения и коэффициент дымообразования. Представлены экспериментальные данные по токсичности продуктов горения (выход СО и СО2 в режиме пламенного горения) трудновоспламеняемых, медленно распространяющих пламя по поверхности тканей из огнезащищенных полиэфирных волокон. Проведено сопоставление результатов определения показателя токсичности продуктов горения для тканей с результатами расчетов обобщенного индекса токсичности CITg.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Установлено критериальное значение CITg (0,75) для оценки возможности применения текстильных материалов в спальных вагонах железнодорожного транспорта, соответствующее показателю токсичности продуктов горения от 34 до 52 мг/м3 (43 мг/м3 ± 20 %), что свидетельствует о возможности применения ­тканей с показателем токсичности продуктов горения HCl50 ≥ 35 мг/м3. Разработаны предложения по совершенствованию требований пожарной безопасности к текстильным материалам, применяемым в пассажирских вагонах железной дороги.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Wide application for the arrangement of passenger railcars (curtains, upholstery and covers of chairs and sofas, bedding) is occupied by fabrics made of fire-proof, chemically modified polyester fibers that meet ­foreign requirements. An experimental study of the parameters of fire hazard of such a fire-resistant textiles ac­cording to the Russian requirements to furnish railcars showed the impossibility of achieving normative criteria on the toxicity of combustion products and smoke-forming ability because of the peculiarities of the process of ­thermal decomposition. Therefore, an important task is to conduct a comprehensive research on the feasibility of establishing realistic numerical values of criteria of toxicity of products of combustion and smoke generation.</p></sec><sec><title>Problem of the issue</title><p>Problem of the issue. A feature of the thermal decomposition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is its ability to be in a viscous state at high temperatures. The most effective method of fire protection of PET fibers is chemical modification at the stage of their production due to the introduction of organophosphorus functional compounds in the synthesis process. Wide application in the construction of railcars, flameproof tissue is significantly hampered by their failure to comply with the requirements for smoke generation ability and toxicity index of combustion ­products.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Introduction in the polymer chain of PET retardants that do not affect the conditions of tech­nological processing, possibly with their contents not more than 10 % by mass. This amount of flame re­tardant provides the material’s resistance to ignition and flame spread on the surface, lack of education burning melt, but does not alter significantly the toxicity index of combustion products and the rate of smoke generation. Experimental data on the toxicity of combustion products (the yield of CO and CO2 in the mode of flaming combus­tion) flame retardant, low flame on the surface of the fabrics, flameproof polyester fibres. A comparison of the results of determination of toxicity index of products of combustion to the results of calculations of the generalized index of toxicity (CITg).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The criterion value of CITg (0.75) was established for evaluating the possibility of using textile materials in railway sleeping railcars, corresponding to the index of toxicity of combustion products from 34 to 52 mg/m3 (43 mg/m3 ± 20 %), which indicates the possibility of using fabrics with the index of toxicity of combustion products HCl50 ≥ 35 mg/m3. Proposals have been developed to improve fire safety requirements for textile materials used in passenger railcars.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внутренняя отделка вагонов</kwd><kwd>полиэтилентерефталат</kwd><kwd>огнезащищенные полиэфирные волокна</kwd><kwd>токсичность продуктов горения</kwd><kwd>дымообразующая способность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interior decoration of vehicles</kwd><kwd>terephthalate</kwd><kwd>fire-proof polyester fibers</kwd><kwd>toxicity of combustion products</kwd><kwd>smoke development</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DS/EN 45545-2:2013+A1:2015. Railway applications — Fire protection on railway vehicles — Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components. — Brussels : CEN, 2015. — 75 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DS/EN 45545-2:2013+A1:2015. Railway applications — Fire protection on railway vehicles — Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components. Brussels, CEN, 2015. 75 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weil E. D., Levchik S. V. Flame retardants for plastics and textiles. Practical Applications. — 2nd ed. — Munich : Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH &amp; Co, 2015. — 398 p. DOI: 10.3139/9781569905791.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. D. Weil, S. V. Levchik. Flame retardants for plastics and textiles. Practical Applications. 2nd ed. Munich, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH &amp; Co, 2015. 398 p. DOI: 10.3139/9781569905791.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aseeva R. M., Zaikov G. E. Combustion of polymer materials. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH &amp; Co, 1986. — 406 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. M. Aseeva, G. E. Zaikov. Combustion of polymer materials. Munich, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH &amp; Co, 1986. 406 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirschler M. M. Safety, health and environmental aspects of flame retardants // Handbook of Fire Resistant Textiles / Kilinc F. S. (ed.). — Cambridge : Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013. — P. 108–173. DOI: 10.1533/9780857098931.1.108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. M. Hirschler. Safety, health and environmental aspects of flame retardants. In: F. S. Kilinc (ed.). Handbook of Fire Resistant Textiles. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013, pp. 108–173. DOI: 10.1533/9780857098931.1.108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horrocks A. R. Technical fibres for heat and flame protection // Handbook of Technical Textiles. Vol. 2: Technical Textile Applications / Horrocks A. R., Anand S. C. (eds.). — 2nd ed. — Woodhead Publishing Limited, Elsevier Ltd., 2016. — P. 237–270. DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-78242-465-9.00008-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. R. Horrocks. Technical fibres for heat and flame protection. In: A. R. Horrocks, S. C. Anand (eds.). Handbook of Technical Textiles. Vol. 2: Technical Textile Applications. 2nd ed. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Elsevier Ltd., 2016, pp. 237–270. DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-78242-465-9.00008-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horrocks A. R. Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: New chemistry versus innovatory solutions // Polymer Degradation and Stability. — 2011. — Vol. 96, No. 3. — P. 377–392. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. R. Horrocks. Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: New chemistry versus innovatory solutions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2011, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 377–392. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joseph P., Tretsiakova-McNally S. Melt-flow behaviours of thermoplastic materials under fire conditions: Recent experimental studies and some theoretical approaches // Materials. — 2015. — Vol. 8, No. 12. — P. 8793–8803. DOI: 10.3390/ma8125492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Joseph, S. Tretsiakova-McNally. Melt-flow behaviours of thermoplastic materials under fire conditions: Recent experimental studies and some theoretical approaches. Materials, 2015, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 8793–8803. DOI: 10.3390/ma8125492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wazarkar K., Kathalewar M., Sabnis A. Reactive modification of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers using flame retardants: An overview // Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. — 2016. — Vol. 55, Issue 1. — P. 71–91. DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2015.1038839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Wazarkar, M. Kathalewar, A. Sabnis. Reactive modification of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers using flame retardants: An overview. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2016, vol. 55, issue 1, pp. 71–91. DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2015.1038839.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бесшапошникова В. И., Микрюкова О. Н., Загоруйко М. В., Штейнле В. А. Огнезащита смесовых тканей системой фосфоразотсодержащих замедлителей горения // Вестник Технологического университета. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 22. — С. 69–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. I. Besshaposhnikova, О. N. Mikryukova, М. V. Zagoruyko, V. А. Shteynle. Fire protection of mixed tissues by the system of phosphor-nitrogen-containing retardants of combustion. Vestnik Tekhnologicheskogo universiteta / Herald of Technological University, 2017, vol. 20, no. 22, pp. 69–72 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salmeia K., Fage J., Liang S., Gaan S. An overview of mode of action and analytical methods for evaluation of gas phase activities of flame retardants // Polymers. — 2015. — Vol. 7, No. 3. — P. 504–526. DOI: 10.3390/polym7030504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Salmeia, J. Fage, S. Liang, S. Gaan. An overview of mode of action and analytical methods for evaluation of gas phase activities of flame retardants. Polymers, 2015, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 504–526. DOI: 10.3390/polym7030504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matzen M., Kandola B., Huth C., Schartel B. Influence of flame retardants on the melt dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers // Materials. — 2015. — Vol. 8, No. 9. — P. 5621–5646. DOI: 10.3390/ma8095267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Matzen, B. Kandola, C. Huth, B. Schartel. Influence of flame retardants on the melt dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers. Materials, 2015, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 5621–5646. DOI: 10.3390/ma8095267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубкова Н. С., Константинова Н. И. Огнезащита текстильных материалов. — М. : Институт информационных технологий, 2008. — 228 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N. S. Zubkova, N. I. Konstantinova. Ognezashchita tekstilnykh materialov [Fire protection of textile materials]. Moscow, MIREA — Russian Technological University Publ., 2008. 228 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Технический регламент Таможенного союза “О безопасности железнодорожного подвижного состава” (ТР ТС 001/2011). URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/902293438 (дата обращения: 20.11.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Technical regulation of the Customs Union “On the safety of railway rolling stock” (TR CU 001/2011) (in Russian). Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/902293438 (Accessed 20 November 2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzięcioł M., Huzar E. Study of compounds emitted during thermo-oxidative decomposition of polyester fabrics // Polish Journal of Chemical Technology. — 2016. — Vol. 18, No. 1. — P. 40–45. DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2016-0007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Dzięcioł, E. Huzar. Study of compounds emitted during thermo-oxidative decomposition of polyester fabrics. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2016, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 40–45. DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2016-0007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Veen I., de Boer J. Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis // Chemosphere. — 2012. — Vol. 88, No. 10. — P. 1119–1153. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. van der Veen, J. de Boer. Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere, 2012, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 1119–1153. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braun E., Levin В. C. Polyesters: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity // NBS publication, NBSIR 85–3139. — Washington : U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985. — 64 p. DOI: 10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Braun, В. C. Levin. Polyesters: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity. NBS Publication, NBSIR 85-3139. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985. 64 p. DOI: 10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zubkova N. S., Karelina I. M., Zaitsev A. A., Merkulov A. A., Konstantinova N. I. Toxicity of combustion products and smoking of decorative-finishing fabrics // Fibre Chemistry. — 2007. — Vol. 39, Issue 3. — P. 215–217. DOI: 10.1007/s10692-007-0044-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N. S. Zubkova, I. M. Karelina, A. A. Zaitsev, A. A. Merkulov, N. I. Konstantinova. Toxicity of combustion products and smoking of decorative-finishing fabrics. Fibre Chemistry, 2007, vol. 39, issue 3, pp. 215–217. DOI: 10.1007/s10692-007-0044-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wesolek D., Kozlowski R. Toxic gaseous products of thermal decomposition and combustion of natural and synthetic fabrics with and without flame retardant // Fire and Materials. — 2002. — Vol. 26, Issue 4–5. — P. 215–224. DOI: 10.1002/fam.800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Wesolek, R. Kozlowski. Toxic gaseous products of thermal decomposition and combustion of natural and synthetic fabrics with and without flame retardant. Fire and Materials, 2002, vol. 26, issue 4-5, pp. 215–224. DOI: 10.1002/fam.800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леонова Д. И. Роль антипиренов в токсичности продуктов горения полимерных материалов // Актуальные проблемы транспортной медицины. — 2010. — № 3(21). — C. 121–131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. I. Leonova. The fire retardants contribution in combustive product toxicity of polymeric materials. Aktualnyye problemy transportnoy meditsiny / Actual Problems of Transport Medicine, 2010, no. 3(21), pp. 121–131 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Разработка методики расчетов видимости при моделировании пожаров полевым методом с применением FDS. Исходные данные для расчета гражданских зданий. — Екатеринбург : Ситис, 2007. — 33 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razrabotka metodiki raschetov vidimosti pri modelirovanii pozharov polevym metodom s primeneniyem FDS. Iskhodnyye dannyye dlya rascheta grazhdanskikh zdaniy [Development of methods for calculating the visibility of fire modeling field method using FDS. Initial data for the calculation of civil buildings]. Ekaterinburg, SITIS Publ., 2007. 33 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карькин И. Н. Работа в программном комплексе FireCat. Библиотека реакций и поверхностей горения в PyroSim. — 4-я ред. — 2016. — 27 с. URL: https://pyrosim.ru/download/Firecat_FDS_fireload_lib.pdf (дата обращения: 20.11.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. N. Karkin. Work in the software complex FireCat. Library reactions and surfaces of combustion in PyroSim. Revision 4, 2016. 27 p. (in Russian). Available at: https://pyrosim.ru/download/Firecat_FDS_fireload_lib.pdf (Accessed 20 November 2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ISO 5659-2. Plastics — Smoke generation — Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-chamber test. — 4th ed. — Geneva, Switzerland : ISO, 2017. — 49 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ISO 5659-2. Plastics — Smoke generation — Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single- chamber test. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 2017. 49 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
