Рассмотрены вопросы обеспечения пожарной безопасности железнодорожных пассажирских вагонов перспективного типа - двухэтажных. Проанализированы особенности их конструкции с точки зрения вероятности возникновения и развития пожара. Построена компьютерная модель для различных сценариев пожара в двухэтажном вагоне; оценена динамика развития опасных факторов пожара. Выполнена оценка времени блокирования путей эвакуации c этажей вагона повышенной температурой и задымлением. Показано, что наиболее проблемным с точки зрения безопасности пассажиров при пожаре является второй этаж вагона. Предложены пути обеспечения пожарной безопасности вагонов данного типа.
Double-decker railway cars have begun to be operated on the railroads of Europe since the 19th century. They were issued in two options - with seats and regiments for night rest of passengers. Double-decker cars were issued and operated in Russia and the USSR, but in limited scales. Similar cars, including high-speed are widely used still in various countries. The current stage of development of Open joint stock company “Russian Railways” in terms of passenger traffic is characterized by the increase of their comfort and safety. In this regard, the economy class cars it is planned to replace a double-decker compartment cars of similar capacity. Taking into account the possibility of emergence of a fire, these cars are equipped with fire alarm, fire extinguishing and rescue of the passengers through the windows of the emergency exits. However, it is necessary to simulate the development of fire effects under different scenarios of its emergence on the floor of the car. The aim of such modeling is the determination of time of blocking of evacuation ways and exits of the floors and the car in general and evaluation of the safety of passengers. This article discusses several options for modeling the development of dangerous fire factors - using a field model, implemented by a computer program and the analytical expressions under the integral and zonal models. According to the results of computer studies have shown that a fire in a double-decker train is the greatest danger for passengers of the second floor. This is due to the dynamics of the temperature increase at the exit to the floor, and a quick smoke. The different used models of fire development give consistent results. In the end, the proposals to increase the safety of passengers in case of fire. Such offers can include increase in number of windows emergency exits and the equipment of hatches on a roof of the car for production of smoke and high-temperature products of burning for the purpose of simplification of evacua-tion and rescue of passengers from the 2nd floor.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.