<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2024.33.01.51-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1321</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ, СООРУЖЕНИЙ, ОБЪЕКТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, OBJECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование параметров токсичности продуктов горения мягких элементов мебели</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Investigation of toxicity parameters of combustion products of upholstered furniture elements</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7234-1339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пузач</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Puzach</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ПУЗАЧ Сергей Викторович, д-р техн. наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, профессор кафедры комп­лексной безопасности в строительстве</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, 26</p><p>Scopus AuthorID: 7003537835; ResearcherID: U-2907-2019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. PUZACH, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, the Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor of Department of Integrated Safety in Construction</p><p>Yaroslavskoe shosse, 26, Moscow, 129337</p><p>Scopus AuthorID: 7003537835; ResearcherID: U-2907-2019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">puzachsv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-0698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константинова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>КОНСТАНТИНОВА Наталия Ивановна, д-р техн. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>143903, Московская обл., г. Балашиха, мкр. ВНИИПО, 12</p><p>РИНЦ ID: 774306</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya I. KONSTANTINOVA, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Chief Researcher</p><p>VNIIPO, 12, Balashikha, Moscow Region, 143903</p><p>ID RSCI: 774306</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konstantinova_n@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2524-8710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акперов</surname><given-names>Р. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akperov</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>АКПЕРОВ Руслан Гянджавиевич, канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры инженерной теплофизики и гидравлики</p><p>129366, г. Москва, ул. Бориса Галушкина, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan G. AKPEROV, Cand. Dci. (Eng.), Assistant Professor of Thermal Physics and Hydraulic Department</p><p>Borisa Galushkina St., 4, Moscow, 129366</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akperov01@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4570-878X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчинников</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovchinnikov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ОВЧИННИКОВ Александр Олегович, магистрант</p><p>129366, г. Москва, ул. Бориса Галушкина, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexsandr O. OVCHINNIKOV, Undergraduate</p><p>Borisa Galushkina St., 4, Moscow, 129366</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sasha_trewq07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский ордена «Знак Почета» научно-исследовательский институт противопожарной обороны Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Академия Государственной противопожарной службы Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The State Fire Academy of the Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination on Consequences of Natural Disasters</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пузач С.В., Константинова Н.И., Акперов Р.Г., Овчинников А.О., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Константинова Н.И., Акперов Р.Г., Овчинников А.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Konstantinova N.I., Akperov R.G., Ovchinnikov A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1321">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1321</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Мягкая мебель занимает достаточно значительное по площади пространство помещений многих общественных зданий. При ее горении могут образовываться смеси токсичных газов, количественный и качественный состав которых неизвестен. Поэтому получение экспериментальных данных по токсичности мягкой мебели является актуальной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Экспериментальное определение воспламеняемости и параметров токсичности продуктов горения мягких элементов мебели, необходимых для расчета времени блокирования путей эвакуации в зданиях.</p><p>Для ее достижения были проведены экспериментальные исследования образцов мягких элементов мебели на стандартных установках, а также на установке по определению пожарной опасности конденсированных веществ и материалов.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы исследования</title><p>Методы исследования. Использовались стандартные методы определения воспламеняемости декоративных тканей (ГОСТ Р 50810–95), воспламеняемости элементов мягкой мебели (ГОСТ Р 53294–2009), показателя токсичности продуктов горения (ГОСТ 12.1.044.89, п. 4.20) и метод оценки концентраций токсичных газов на маломасштабной экспериментальной установке для определения пожарной опасности конденсированных веществ и материалов.</p><p>Результаты исследований и их обсуждение. Выполнено определение воспламеняемости материалов и компо­зиций мягкой мебельной продукции, а также оценка токсичности газовой среды при их термическом раз­ложении в маломасштабной экспериментальной установке, позволяющей измерять концентрации токсичных газов. Проведены экспериментальные исследования по изучению параметров токсичности наиболее опасных газов, образующихся при горении ряда образцов мягких элементов мебели. Выявлено, что при горении мягких элементов мебели выделяются в опасных для жизни и здоровья человека концентрациях такие высоко­токсичные газы, как циановодород и монооксид углерода.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Получены новые экспериментальные данные по удельной массовой скорости выгорания, а также численным значениям удельных коэффициентов образования монооксида углерода и циановодорода мягких элементов мебели, что позволит расширить существующую базу данных типовой пожарной нагрузки в помещениях зданий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Upholstered furniture occupies quite a significant area of the premises of many public buildings. During its combustion, mixtures of toxic gases can be formed, the quantitative and qualitative composition of which is unknown. Therefore, obtaining experimental data on the toxicity of upholstered furniture is an urgent task.</p></sec><sec><title>Goals and objectives</title><p>Goals and objectives. Experimental determination of flammability and toxicity parameters of combustion pro­ducts of upholstered furniture elements necessary for calculation of the time of blocking of evacuation routes in buildings. </p><p>To achieve this, experimental studies of specimens of upholstered furniture elements were carried out on standard installations, as well as on the installation for determining the fire hazard of condensed substances and materials.</p></sec><sec><title>Research methods</title><p>Research methods. Standard methods for determining the flammability of decorative fabrics (GOST R 50810–95), the flammability of upholstered furniture elements (GOST R 53294–2009), the toxicity index of combustion pro­ducts (GOST 12.1.044.89, paragraph 4.20) and the method for assessing toxic gas concentrations at a small-scale experimental installation to determine the fire hazard of condensed substances and materials were used.</p><p>Research results and their discussion. The determination of flammability of materials and compositions of upholstered furniture products, as well as the assessment of the toxicity of the gaseous atmosphere during their thermal decomposition in a small-scale experimental installation allowing the measurement of concentrations of toxic gases, were performed. Experimental studies were carried out to study the toxicity parameters of the most dangerous gases formed during the combustion of a number of specimens of upholstered furniture elements. It was revealed that during the combustion of upholstered furniture elements, such highly toxic gases as hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide are emitted in concentrations dangerous to human life and health.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. New experimental data on specific mass rate of burnout velocity, as well as numerical values of specific coefficients of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide formation of upholstered furniture elements have been obtained, which will allow to expand the existing database of typical fire load in building premises.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мягкая мебель</kwd><kwd>пожар</kwd><kwd>циановодород</kwd><kwd>монооксид углерода</kwd><kwd>парциальная плотность</kwd><kwd>крити­ческая концентрация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>upholstered furniture</kwd><kwd>fire</kwd><kwd>hydrogen cyanide</kwd><kwd>carbon monoxide</kwd><kwd>partial density</kwd><kwd>critical concentration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Доан В.М., Нгуен Т.Д., Сулейкин Е.В., Акперов Р.Г. Образование, распространение и воздействие на человека токсичных продуктов горения при пожаре в помещении. М. : Академия ГПС МЧС России, 2017. 130 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Doan V.M., Nguen T.D., Sulejkin E.V., Akperov R.G. Formation, distribution and human exposure to toxic combustion products during a fire in a room. Moscow, State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia Publ., 2017; 130. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Болдрушкиев О.Б. Определение удельного коэффициента образования и критической парци­альной плотности циановодорода и монооксида углерода при пожаре в помещении // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2019. Т. 28. № 5. С. 19–26. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2019.28.05.19-26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Boldrushkiev O.B. Determination of the specific coefficient of formation and critical partial density of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide during a fire in a room. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’/Fire and explosion safety. 2019; 28(5):19-26. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2019.28.05.19-26 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинова Н.И., Зубань А.В., Булгакова А.А. Совершенствование методологического подхода к оценке пожарной опасности матрацев // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022. Т. 31. № 2. С. 22–32. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.02.22-32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinova N.I., Zuban A.V., Bulgakova A.A. Improving the methodological approach to assessing the fire hazard of mattresses. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022; 31(2):22-32. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.02.22-32 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinova N.I., Erofeev O.O. Development of materials for upholstered furniture elements of reduced fire hazard // Fibre Chemistry. 2022. Vol. 54. Pp. 258–262. DOI: 10.1007/s10692-023-10389-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinova N.I., Erofeev O.O. Development of materials for upholstered furniture elements of reduced fire hazard. Fibre Chemistry. 2022; 54:258-262. DOI: 10.1007/s10692-023-10389-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas T., Babich M.A. CPSC staff exposure and risk assessment of flame retardant chemicals in residential upholstered furniture // U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2015. P. 109. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3291.6646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas T., Babich M.A. CPSC staff exposure and risk assessment of flame retardant chemicals in residential upholstered furniture. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2015; 109. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3291.6646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Storesund K., Steen-Hansen A., Bergstrand A. Fire safe upholstered furniture Alternative strategies to the use of chemical flame retardants // Report. 2015. Nо. A15 20124: 2. 48 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15431.70564</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Storesund K., Steen-Hansen A., Bergstrand A. Fire safe upholstered furniture Alternative strategies to the use of chemical flame retardants. REPORT. 2015; A15 20124(2):48. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15431.70564</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Константинова Н.И., Акперов Р.Г., Овчинников А.О. Пожарная опасность элементов мягкой мебели // Ройтмановские чтения : cб. мат. XI науч.-практ. конф., под ред. Д.А. Самошина. М. : Академия Государственной противопожарной службы Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий, 2023. С. 70–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Konstantinova N.I., Akperov R.G., Ovchinnikov A.O. Fire hazard of upholstered furniture elements. Roitman readings : collection of materials of the XI scientific and practical conference. D.A. Samoshin (Ed.). Moscow, 2023; 70-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabian T.Z., Gandhi P.D. Upholstered furniture flammability: Full-scale furniture and flashover experiments // Conference: Fire &amp; Materials. 2013. Pр. 1–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabian T.Z., Gandhi P.D. Upholstered furniture flammability: Full-scale furniture and flashover experiments. Conference: Fire &amp; Materials. 2013; 1-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zammarano M., Hoehler M.S., Shields J.R., Thompson A.L., Kim I., Leventon I.T. et al. Bundy full-scale experiments to demonstrate flammability risk of residential upholstered furniture and mitigation using barrier fabric. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.TN.2129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zammarano M., Hoehler M.S., Shields J.R., Thompson A.L., Kim I., Leventon I.T. et al. Bundy Full-Scale Experiments to Demonstrate Flammability Risk of Residential Upholstered Furniture and Mitigation Using Barrier Fabric. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0734904114543450</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasare S., Pitts W., Matko S., Davis R.D. Evaluating smoldering behavior of barrier fabrics // Journal of Fire Sciences. 2014. Vol. 32. Issue 6. Pр. 539–562. DOI: 10.1177/0734904114543450</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasare S., Pitts W., Matko S., Davis R.D. Evaluating smoldering behavior of barrier fabrics. Journal of Fire Sciences. 2014; 32(6):539-562. DOI: 10.1177/0734904114543450</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis A., Ryan P.B., Cohen J.A., Harris D., Black M. Chemical exposures from upholstered furniture with various flame retardant technologies // Indoor air. 2021. Vol. 31. Issue 5. Pр. 1473–1483. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis A., Ryan P.B., Cohen J.A., Harris D., Black M. Chemical exposures from upholstered furniture with various flame retardant technologies. Indoor air. 2021; 31(5):1473-1483. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Бачурин Д.В., Акперов Р.Г., Болдрушкиев О.Б., Балаев А.А. Образование токсичных газов при горении мягких игрушек в многофункциональных торгово-развлекательных комплексах // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2023. Т. 32. № 1. С. 41–50. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.01.41-50</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Bachurin D.V., Akperov R.G., Boldrushkiev О.B., Balaev A.A. Generation of toxic gases during combustion of stuffed toys in multifunction shopping malls. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2023; 32(1):41-50. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.01.41-50 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузач С.В., Болдрушкиев О.Б., Акперов Р.Г. О необходимости учета совместного воздействия токсичных продуктов горения при определении времени блокирования путей эвакуации // Ройтмановские чтения : сб. мат. 10-й науч.-практ. конф. (г. Москва, 26 мая 2022 года). М., 2022. С. 96–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzach S.V., Boldrushkiev O.B., Akperov R.G. The need to take into account the combined effects of harmful combustion products when determining the time of blocking escape routes. Roitman readings : collection of materials from the 10th scientific and practical conference (Moscow, May 26, 2022). 2022; 96-99. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakobsen J., Babigumira R., Danielsen M., Grimsrud T.K., Olsen R., Rosting C. et al. Work conditions and practices in Norwegian fire departments from 1950 until today: a survey on factors potentially influencing carcinogen exposure // Safety and Health at Work, 2020. Vol. 11. Issue 4. Pp. 509–516. DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakobsen J., Babigumira R., Danielsen M., Grimsrud T.K., Olsen R., Rosting C. et al. Work conditions and practices in Norwegian fire departments from 1950 until today: a survey on factors potentially influencing carcinogen exposure. Safety and Health at Work. 2020; 11(4):509-516. DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S., Huang D., Guo C., Yuan Q., Chen Y., Lin P., Duan P. Bottom fire ehaviour of thermally thick natural rubber latex foam // E-Polymers. 2019. Vol. 19. Issue 1. Pp. 9–14. DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S., Huang D., Guo C., Yuan Q., Chen Y., Lin P., Duan P. Bottom fire ehaviour of thermally thick natural rubber latex foam. E-Polymers. 2019; 19(1):9-14. DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pauluhn J. Phosgene inhalation toxicity: Update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies // Toxicology. 2021. Vol. 450. P. 152682. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pauluhn J. Phosgene inhalation toxicity: Update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies. Toxicology. 2021; 450:152682. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaczorek-Chrobak K., Fangrat J. PVC-based copper electric wires under various fire conditions: toxicity of fire effluents // Materials. 2020. Vol. 13. Issue 5. P. 1111. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaczorek-Chrobak K., Fangrat J. PVC-based copper electric wires under various fire conditions: toxicity of fire effluents. Materials. 2020; 13(5):1111. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pauluhn J. Acute inhalation toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide revisited: Comparison of models to disentangle the concentration × time conundrum of lethality and incapacitation // Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2016. Vol. 80. Pр. 173–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pauluhn J. Acute inhalation toxicity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide revisited: Comparison of models to disentangle the concentration × time conundrum of lethality and incapacitation. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2016; 80:173-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
