<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.03.54-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1237</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, ЧИСЛЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ И КОМПЛЕКСЫ ПРОГРАММ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATHEMATICAL MODELING, NUMERICAL METHODS AND PROGRAM COMPLEXES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метод математического моделирования пассажиропотоков для обоснования объемно-планировочных решений станций метрополитена и расчета безопасной эвакуации пассажиров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Method of mathematical modelling of passenger flows to justify the space-planning solutions of underground stations and calculate passenger evacuation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6155-060X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабунина</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabunina</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shabunina@ciofp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9162-7073</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Manager</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danilov@ciofp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-427X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гравит</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gravit</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marina.gravit@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Центр исследований опасных факторов пожаров»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “Fire Hazard Research Center”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шабунина Д.Е., Данилов А.И., Гравит М.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шабунина Д.Е., Данилов А.И., Гравит М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shabunina D.E., Danilov A.I., Gravit M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1237">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1237</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Объемно-планировочные решения станций метрополитена влияют на удобство и безопасность пассажиров. Математическое моделирование является перспективным методом для решения задач, связан­ных с определением достаточности принятых объемно-планировочных решений станций в зависимости от пассажиропотока.</p></sec><sec><title>Цели и задачи</title><p>Цели и задачи. Цель исследования — обоснование метода математического моделирования пассажиропотоков для разработки оптимальных объемно-планировочных решений пересадочных станций метро­политена. Для достижения цели решены следующие задачи: разработка концепции типовой пересадочной станции метрополитена; моделирование пассажиропотока с исходными и оптимизированными объемно-планировочными решениями; моделирование эвакуации пассажиров со станции при возникновении пожара в подвагонном пространстве центрального вагона прибывающего поезда.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В работе приведен метод математического моделирования для обоснования объемно-планировочных решений станций метрополитена. В ПК Pathfinder разработана индивидуально-поточная модель пересадочной станции, по результатам которой произведено моделирование пассажиропотока с исходными и оптимизированными объемно-планировочными решениями. Для моделирования распространения опасных факторов пожара использовался ПК PyroSim.</p><p>Результаты и их обсуждение. По результатам математического моделирования определены оптимальные объемно-планировочные решения станций метрополитена, на основе которых выполнен сценарий эвакуа­ции пассажиров. Получено, что в момент начала эвакуации на станции находится 3684 пассажира и 296 рабочих. Результаты моделирования показали, что общее расчетное время эвакуации из типовой пересадочной станции составляет 814 с. Также получено, что значения опасных факторов пожара в расчетных точках не достигают критических значений до момента завершения эвакуации.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Разработана и реализована математическая модель типовой пересадочной станции для опре­деления оптимальных объемно-планировочных решений и расчета безопасной эвакуации людей. На основе данного исследования в новой редакции СП 120.13330.2022 «Метрополитены» внесены изменения, определяющие, что расчетная численность пассажиров, эвакуирующихся со станции при пожаре, определяется на основе математического моделирования пассажиропотоков в час пик.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Space-planning solutions for underground stations have an effect on the comfort and safety of passengers. Mathematical modelling is a perspective method for solving problems dealing with the determination of adequacy of adopted space-planning solutions for stations depending on passenger traffic.</p></sec><sec><title>Aims and purposes</title><p>Aims and purposes. The purpose of the study is to justify the method of mathematical modelling of passenger flows to develop optimal space-planning solutions of interchange stations of underground. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the development of a model interchange station concept; modelling passenger flows with initial and optimized volume planning solutions; modelling of passenger evacuation from the station in case of fire in the basement of the arriving train’s central carriage.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The paper presents a method of mathematical modelling to justify the space-planning solutions of underground stations. The software package Pathfinder developed an individual flow model of the interchange station, which simulated the passenger flows with initial and optimized volume-planning solutions. The software package PyroSim was used to simulate the spread of fire hazards.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Based on the results of mathematical modelling, the optimal space-planning solutions for underground stations were determined, on the basis of which the passenger evacuation scenario was performed. It is obtained that there are 3,684 passengers and 296 workers at the station when the evacuation begins. The simulation results showed that the total estimated evacuation time from a typical transfer station is 814 seconds. It is obtained that the values of dangerous fire factors in the calculated points do not reach critical values until the evacuation is completed.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. A mathematical model of a typical interchange station has been developed and implemented to determine the optimal space-planning solutions and calculate the safe evacuation of people. On the basis of this study in the new edition of the Code of Practice 120.13330.2022 “Underground” made amendments that determine that the estimated number of passengers evacuating from the station in case of fire, is based on mathematical modelling of passenger traffic during the rush hour.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>транспортно-пересадочные узлы</kwd><kwd>пропускная способность</kwd><kwd>индивидуально-поточная модель</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>опасные факторы пожара</kwd><kwd>алгоритмы поведения пассажиров</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interchange hubs</kwd><kwd>capacity</kwd><kwd>individual-flow model</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>fire hazards</kwd><kwd>passenger behavior algorithms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang X., Qin H., Xie M. Simulation study of passenger flow characteristics in subway passage // DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering. 2016. DOI: 10.12783/dtcse/cmsam2016/3565</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang X., Qin H., Xie M. Simulation study of passenger flow characteristics in subway passage. DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering. 2016. DOI: 10.12783/dtcse/cmsam2016/3565</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang X., Yang X., Pan F., Kang Y., Zhang J. The effect of passenger attributes on alighting and boarding efficiency based on social force model // Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2021. Vol. 565. P. 125566. DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2020.125566</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang X., Yang X., Pan F., Kang Y., Zhang J. The effect of passenger attributes on alighting and boarding efficiency based on social force model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2021; 565:125566. DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2020.125566</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei W., Li A., Gao R., Hao X., Deng B. Simulation of pedestrian crowds’ evacuation in a huge transit terminal subway station // Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2012. Vol. 391. Issue 22. P. 5355–5365. DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2012.06.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei W., Li A., Gao R., Hao X., Deng B. Simulation of pedestrian crowds’ evacuation in a huge transit terminal subway station. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2012; 391(22):5355-5365 DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2012.06.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев В.С. Распределение пассажиропотока на примере транспортной системы Московского метрополитена // Этносоциум и межнациональная культура. 2020. № 147 (9). С. 36–40. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44534003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev V.S. Distribution of passenger traffic on the example of the transport system of the moscow metro. Ethno­society and Interethnic Culture. 2020; 147(9):36-40. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44534003 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zou Q., Yao X., Zhao P., Dou F., Yang T. Managing recurrent congestion of subway network in peak hours with station inflow control // Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2018. Vol. 2018. Pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.1155/2018/6931025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zou Q., Yao X., Zhao P., Dou F., Yang T. Managing recurrent congestion of subway network in peak hours with station inflow control. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2018; 2018:1-16. DOI: 10.1155/2018/6931025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peimbert M., Alcaraz L.D. Where environmental microbiome meets its host: Subway and passenger microbiome relationships // Molecular Ecology. 2022. Vol. 32. Issue 10. Pp. 2602–2618. DOI: 10.1111/mec.16440</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peimbert M., Alcaraz L.D. Where environmental microbiome meets its host: Subway and passenger microbiome relationships. Molecular Ecology. 2022; 32(10):2602-2618. DOI: 10.1111/mec.16440</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Chen Y., Wang C. Research on evolutionary model of urban rail transit vulnerability based on computer simulation // Neural Computing and Applications. 2020. Vol. 32. Issue 1. Pp. 195–204. DOI: 10.1007/s00521-018-3793-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Chen Y., Wang C. Research on evolutionary model of urban rail transit vulnerability based on computer simulation. Neural Computing and Applications. 2020; 32(1):195-204. DOI: 10.1007/s00521-018-3793-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia F., Jiang X., Li H., Yu X., Xu X., Jiang M. Passenger-oriented subway network capacity calculation and analysis based on simulation // Transportation Letters. 2021. Vol. 13. Issue 8. Pp. 555–567. DOI: 10.1080/­19427867.2020.1741778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia F., Jiang X., Li H., Yu X., Xu X., Jiang M. Passenger-oriented subway network capacity calculation and analysis based on simulation. Transportation Letters. 2021; 13(8):555-567. DOI: 10.1080/19427867.2020.1741778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue H., Jia L., Guo J. Adaptive multilevel collaborative passenger flow control in peak hours for a subway line // Advances in Mathematical Physics. 2020. Vol. 2020. Issue 3. Pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3862157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue H., Jia L., Guo J. Adaptive multilevel collaborative passenger flow control in peak hours for a subway line. Advances in Mathematical Physics. 2020; 2020(3):1-16. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3862157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кударов Р.С. Математические модели формирования входного пассажиропотока станций метрополитена : автореф. дис. … канд. техн. наук. СПб., 2009. 16 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudarov R.S. Mathematical models of formation of entrance passenger flow in metro stations :abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of technical sciences. Saint Petersburg, 2009; 16. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинова Т.Ю. Методы и средства оптимизации режимов работы устройств станций и узлов метрополитена : автореф. дис. … канд. техн. наук. СПб., 2006. 24 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinova T.Yu. Methods and means to optimize operation modes ofstations and subway nodes : abstract ofPh.D. in Technical Sciences. Saint Petersburg, 2006; 24. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B., Xu Z.S., Zhao Q.W., Liu Y.Y. A study on theoretical calculation method of subway safety evacuation // Procedia Engineering. 2014. Vol. 71. Pp. 597–604. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B., Xu Z.S., Zhao Q.W., Liu Y.Y. A study on theoretical calculation method of subway safety evacuation. Procedia Engineering. 2014; 71:597-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Revesz A., Chaer I., Thompson J., Mavroulidou M., Gunn M., Maidment G. Modelling of heat energy recovery potential form underground railways with nearby vertical ground heat exchangers in an urban environment // Applied Thermal Engineering. 2019. Vol. 147. Pp. 1059–1069. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revesz A., Chaer I., Thompson J., Mavroulidou M., Gunn M., Maidment G. Modelling of heat energy recovery potential form underground railways with nearby vertical ground heat exchangers in an urban environment. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2019; 147:1059-1069. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J., Shen F. Experimental study on the effects of ventilation on smoke movement in tunnel fires // International Journal of Ventilation. 2016. Vol. 15. Issue 1. Pp. 94–103. DOI: 10.1080/14733315.2016.1173295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J., Shen F. Experimental study on the effects of ventilation on smoke movement in tunnel fires. International Journal of Ventilation. 2016; 15(1):94-103. DOI: 10.1080/14733315.2016.1173295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He Z., Chen Y., Sun L., Zhong J., Zhu Y. Identifying station-link correlation for target passenger flow control in subway network // 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569533</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He Z., Chen Y., Sun L., Zhong J., Zhu Y. Identifying station-link correlation for target passenger flow control in subway network. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569533</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ембулаев В.Н. Вероятностный метод определения поездок пассажиров на маршруте по данным входа и выхода // Территория новых возможностей. Вестник Владивостокского государственного университета экономики и сервиса. 2019. № 11 (2). С. 58–69. DOI: 10.24866/VVSU/2073-3984/2019-2/058-069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Embulaev V.N. A probabilistic method of determining a travel route according to the input and output. Territoryof new opportunities. Bulletin ofVladivostok State University of Economics and Service. 2019; 11(2):58-69. DOI: 10.24866/VVSU/2073-3984/2019-2/058-069 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leng B., Zeng J., Xiong Z., Lv W., Wan Y. Probability tree based passenger flow prediction and its application to the Beijing subway system // Frontiers of Computer Science. 2013. Vol. 7. Issue 2. Pp. 195–203. DOI: 10.1007/s11704-013-2057-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leng B., Zeng J., Xiong Z., Lv W., Wan Y. Probability tree based passenger flow prediction and its application to the Beijing subway system. Frontiers of Computer Science. 2013; 7(2):195-203. DOI: 10.1007/s11704-013-2057-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu X., Li H., Liu J., Ran B., Qin L. Passenger flow control with multi-station coordination in subway networks: algorithm development and real-world case study // Transportmetrica B. 2019. Vol. 7. Issue 1. Pp. 446–472. DOI: 10.1080/21680566.2018.1434020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu X., Li H., Liu J., Ran B., Qin L. Passenger flow control with multi-station coordination in subway networks: algorithm development and real-world case study. Transportmetrica B. 2019; 7(1):446-472. DOI: 10.1080/21680566.2018.1434020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ling X., Huang Z., Wang C., Zhang F., Wang P. Predicting subway passenger flows under different traffic conditions // PLoS ONE. 2018. Vol. 13. Issue 8. Pp. 1–23. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202707</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ling X., Huang Z., Wang C., Zhang F., Wang P. Predicting subway passenger flows under different traffic conditions. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(8):1-23. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202707</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Y., Zhang G., Yin H. Passenger flow prediction of subway transfer stations based on nonparametric regression model // Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. 2014. Vol. 2014. Issue 1. Pp. 1–8. DOI: 10.1155/2014/397154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Y., Zhang G., Yin H. Passenger flow prediction of subway transfer stations based on nonparametric regression model. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. 2014; 2014(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2014/397154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапшин В.А. Особенности моделирования пассажиропотока объектов транспортной инфраструктуры // Молодой ученый. 2020. № 291. С. 33–36. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/291/65976/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapshin V.A. Peculiarities of modeling the passenger flow of transport infrastructure facilities. Young Scientist. 2020; 291:33-36. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/291/65976/ (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiaojiao X., Jin L. Simulation study on emergency evacuation of metro stations in fire degradation mode // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019. Vol. 1187. Issue 5. P. 052072. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1187/5/052072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiaojiao X., Jin L. Simulation study on emergency evacuation of metro stations in fire degradation mode. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1187(5):052072. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1187/5/052072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie C., Li X., Chen B., Lin F., Lin Y., Huang H. Subway sudden passenger flow prediction method based on two factors: case study of the Dongsishitiao station in Beijing // Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2021. Vol. 2021. Pp. 1–8. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie C., Li X., Chen B., Lin F., Lin Y., Huang H. Subway sudden passenger flow prediction method based on two factors: Case study of the Dongsishitiao station in Beijing. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2021; 2021:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаевич И.И. Разработка основ многовариантного анализа объемно-планировочных решений станций и пересадочных узлов метрополитена на основе моделирования закономерного движения людских потоков : автореф. дис. … канд. техн. наук. М., 1990. 18 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isayevich I.I. Development of foundations for the multivariant analysis of the space-planning solutions of metro stations and interchange hubs on the basis of simulation of the regular motion of human flows : abstract of Ph.D. in Technical Sciences. Moscow, 1990; 18. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin J., Liu C., Huang Q. Simulation on fire emergency evacuation in special subway station based on pathfinder // Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2020. Vol. 21. P. 100677. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100677</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin J., Liu C., Huang Q. Simulation on fire emergency evacuation in special subway station based on Pathfinder. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2020; 21:100677. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100677</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F. Multi-scenario simulation of subway emergency evacuation based on multi-agent // International Journal of Simulation Modelling. 2021. Vol. 20. Issue 2. Pp. 387–397. DOI: 10.2507/IJSIMM20-2-CO8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F. Multi-scenario simulation of subway emergency evacuation based on multi-agent. International Journal of Simulation Modelling. 2021; 20(2):387-397. DOI: 10.2507/IJSIMM20-2-CO8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y., Lei J., Wang K. The influence of obstructions of evacuation node on subway stations fire evacuation capability // Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of Risk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC 2018). 2018. DOI: 10.2991/rac-18.2018.42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y., Lei J., Wang K. The influence of obstructions of evacuation node on subway stations fire evacuation capability. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting ofRisk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC 2018). 2018. DOI: 10.2991/rac-18.2018.42</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
