<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.02.44-58</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1222</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ, СООРУЖЕНИЙ, ОБЪЕКТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, OBJECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование влияния температурного режима пожара на эффективность вспучивающегося огнезащитного покрытия, предназначенного для огнезащиты стальных конструкций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research of the effect of fire temperature regime on the effectiveness of intumescent coating designed for fire protection of steel structures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-606X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремина</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremina</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры комплексной безопасности в строительстве</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Professor of Integrated Safety in Civil Engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">main@stopfire.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-3908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минайлов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minailov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>начальник сектора</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Research Sector</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">minailov-denis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государ­ственный строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский ордена «Знак Почета» научно-исследовательский институт противопожарной обороны Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-­Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of Ministry of Russian Fede­ration for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Еремина Т.Ю., Минайлов Д.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еремина Т.Ю., Минайлов Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremina T.Y., Minailov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1222">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1222</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Применение вспучивающегося огнезащитного покрытия (далее ВОП) обосновывается разработкой проекта огнезащиты, учитывающего данные по его огнезащитной эффективности, оцениваемой в условиях воздействия стандартного температурного режима, применение которых может привести к закладыванию в проект завышенного запаса по огнестойкости или к недооценке теплового воздействия на стальные строительные конструкции с огнезащитой ВОП в условиях реального пожара.</p></sec><sec><title>Цели и задачи</title><p>Цели и задачи. Цель исследования — оценить влияние температурного режима пожара на эффективность ВОП. Для решения поставленной цели были решены следующие задачи: произведена оценка температурного режима пожара в помещении при различной пожарной нагрузке на примере складского здания; проведены эксперименты по оценке влияния различного теплового потока, приведенной толщины металла и толщины ВОП на его эффективность по плану полного факторного эксперимента типа 2.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Для математического моделирования реальных температурных пожаров применялся прог­раммный комплекс Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), реализующий полевую (дифференциальную) матема­тическую модель. Для исследования влияния полученных температурных режимов пожара на эффективность ВОП были проведены эксперименты по плану полного факторного эксперимента типа 2. В качестве образцов для испытаний были выбраны металлические пластины из углеродистой стали размерами 100 × 100 мм с приведенной толщиной 3 и 4,5 мм и окрашенные однокомпонентным ВОП на органической основе толщиной 0,25 и 0,5 мм. Для оценки влияния теплового потока применялась радиационная панель с возможностью регулирования лучистого теплового потока плотностью от 10 до 50 кВт/м2.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В ходе проведения численных экспериментов в программном комплексе FDS установлено, что тепловое воздействие, оказываемое на стальные строительные конструкции во время пожара, может существенно отличаться от стандартного температурного режима как в большую, так и в меньшую сторону. Результаты эксперимента показали, что на время прогрева испытательных образцов наибольшее влияние из рассматриваемых факторов (величина теплового потока, приведенная толщина металла, толщина ВОП) оказала величина теплового потока, так как был получен наибольший по абсолютной величине коэффициент уравнения регрессии.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод. Предположение о возможной недооценке теплового воздействия при «стандартном» температурном режиме на огнестойкость стальных строительных конструкций с огнезащитой ВОП подтвердилось при проведении испытаний.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The usage of intumescent coating (hereinafter referred to as IC) is justified by the development of a fire protection project, taking into account the data on its fire protection efficiency, estimated under the influence of standard temperature conditions, the usage of which can lead to overestimating the fire resistance margin in the project or underestimating the thermal impact on the steel building structures with IC fire protection in conditions of a real fire.</p></sec><sec><title>Aims and purposes</title><p>Aims and purposes. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of fire temperature conditions on the effectiveness of IC. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were carried out: a temperature mode of fire in a building under different fire loads by the example of a warehouse building was estimated; experiments to estimate the influence of different heat fluxes, reduced thickness of metal and IC thickness on its effectiveness by the full factor experiment of the type 2 were conducted.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. To mathematically simulate real temperature fires, the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software package, which implements a field (differential) mathematical model, was used. To study the effect of the obtained fire temperature regimes on the effectiveness of IC, experiments were carried out according to the plan of a complete factor experiment type 2. The test specimens were carbon steel metal plates with dimensions of 100 × 100 mm with reduced thickness of 3 and 4.5 mm and painted with 0.25 and 0.5 mm organic-based single-component IC. A radiant heat flux panel with a radiant heat flux density of 10 to 50 kW/m2 was used to assess the effects of heat flux.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. In the course of numerical experiments in the FDS software package, it was found that the thermal impact on steel building structures during a fire can differ significantly from the standard temperature regime, both upwards and downwards. The results of the experiment showed that the heating time of the test samples had the greatest influence of the actors under consideration (the value of the heat flux, the reduced thickness of the metal, the thickness of IC) had the value of the heat flux, as the largest absolute value of the regression equation was obtained.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The assumption of possible underestimation of the thermal effect under “standard” temperature conditions on the fire resistance of steel building structures with IC fire protection was confirmed by the tests.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>компьютерное моделирование</kwd><kwd>Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)</kwd><kwd>огнестойкость стальных строительных конструкций</kwd><kwd>тепловой поток</kwd><kwd>пожарная нагрузка</kwd><kwd>приведенная толщина металла</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>computer modelling</kwd><kwd>Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)</kwd><kwd>fire resistance of steel building structures</kwd><kwd>heat flux</kwd><kwd>fire load</kwd><kwd>reduced thickness of metal</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голованов В.И., Пехотиков А.В., Павлов В.В. Обзор рынка средств огнезащиты металлоконструкций. Преимущества и недостатки различных видов // Огнезащита XXI века : мат. Всеросс. науч.-практ. конф. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovanov V.I., Pekhotikov A.V., Pavlov V.V. Obzor grazh­noezaschita flaevozaschita metallo­kon­struktsii. Advantages and disadvantages of various types. Fire Protection of the XXI Century : Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Practical Conference. Moscow, 2014. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пехотиков А.В. и др. Актуальные вопросы при­менения средств огнезащиты для стальных конструкций // Евростройпрофи. 2015. № 79. С. 34–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pekhotikov A.V., et al. Topical issues in changes means of fire protection for steel constructures. Eurostroyprofi. 2015; 79:34-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garlock M., Kruppa J., Li G.-Q., Zhao B. White paper on fire behavior of steel structures / NIST GCR 15-984. Gaithersburg, Maryland : NIST, 2014. 20 p. DOI: 10.6028/nist.gcr.15-984</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garlock M., Kruppa J., Li G.-Q., Zhao B. White paper on fire behavior of steel structures / NIST GCR 15-984. Gaithersburg, Maryland, NIST Publ., 2014; 20. DOI: 10.6028/nist.gcr.15-984</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucherini A., Giuliani L., Jomaas G. Experimental study of the performance of intumescent coatings exposed to standard and non-standard fire conditions // Fire Safety Journal. 2018. Vol. 95. Pp. 42–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucherini A., Giuliani L., Jomaas G. Experimental study of the performance of intumescent coatings exposed to standard and non-standard fire conditions. Fire Safety Journal. 2018; 95:42-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Masi R.F., Ruggiero S., Vanoli G.P. Acrylic white paint of industrial sector for cool roofing application: Experimental investigation of summer behavior and aging problem under Mediterranean climate // Solar Energy. 2018. Vol. 169. Pp. 468–487. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Masi R.F., Ruggiero S., Vanoli G.P. Acrylic white paint of industrial sector for cool roofing application: Ex-perimental investigation of summer behavior and aging problem under Mediterranean climate. Solar Energy. 2018; 169:468-487. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golovanov V., Kryuchkov G. Steel structures fire resistance assessment under standardized fire temperature regimes // Fires and Incidents: Prevention, Accident Response. 2021. Vol. 3. Pp. 52–60. DOI: 10.25257/FE.2021.3.52-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovanov V., Kryuchkov G. Steel structures fire resistance assessment under standardized fire temperature regimes. Fires and Incidents: Prevention, Accident Response. 2021; 3:52-60. DOI: 10.25257/FE.2021.3.52-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carreras Guzman N.H., Kozine I., Lundteigen M.A. An integrated safety and security analysis for cyber-physical harm scenarios // Safety Science. 2021. Vol. 144(0925). P. 105458. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105458</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carreras Guzman N.H., Kozine I., Lundteigen M.A. An integrated safety and security analysis for cyber-physical harm scenarios. Safety Science. 2021; 144(0925):105458. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105458</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddiqui A.A., Ewer J.A., Lawrence P.J., Galea E.R., Frost I.R. Building information modelling for performance-based fire safety engineering analysis — A strategy for data sharing // Journal of Building Engineering. 2021. Vol. 42. P. 102794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddiqui A.A., Ewer J.A., Lawrence P.J., Galea E.R., Frost I.R. Building Information Modelling for performance-based Fire Safety Engineering analysis — A strategy for data sharing. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42:102794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith T.D., DeJoy D.M., Dyal M.A., Pu Y., Dickin­son S. Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service // Journal of Safety Research. 2019. Vol. 69. Pp. 53–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.02.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith T.D., DeJoy D.M., Dyal M.A., Pu Y., Dickin­son S. Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research. 2019; 69:53-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.02.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P., Liu C., Wang B., Tao Y., Xu Y.-J., Liu Y., Zhu P. Eco-friendly coating based on an intumescent flame-retardant system for viscose fabrics with multi-­function properties: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and antibacterial properties // Progress in Organic Coatings. 2021. Vol. 159. Issue 10. P. 106400. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106400</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li P., Liu C., Wang B., Tao Y., Xu Y.-J., Liu Y., Zhu P. Eco-friendly coating based on an intumescent flame-retardant system for viscose fabrics with multi-function properties: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and antibacterial properties. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2021; 159(10):106400. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106400</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morandini F., Santoni P.A., Tramoni J.B., Mell W.E. Experimental investigation of flammability and numerical study of combustion of shrub of rockrose under severe drought conditions // Fire Safety Journal. 2019. Vol. 108. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morandini F., Santoni P.A., Tramoni J.B., Mell W.E. Experimental investigation of flammability and numerical study of combustion of shrub of rockrose under severe drought conditions. Fire Safety Journal. 2019; 108. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang T., Xi J., Qiu S., Zhang B., Luo Z., Xing W., et al. Facilely produced highly adhered, low thermal conductivity and non-combustible coatings for fire safety // Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2021. Vol. 604. Pp. 378–389. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.135</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang T., Xi J., Qiu S., Zhang B., Luo Z., Xing W., et al. Facilely produced highly adhered, low thermal conductivity and non-combustible coatings for fire safety. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2021; 604:378-389. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.135</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddiqui A.A., Ewer J.A., Lawrence P.J., Galea E.R., Frost I.R. Building Information Modelling for performance-based Fire Safety Engineering analysis — A strategy for data sharing // Journal of Building Engineering. 2021. Vol. 42. P. 102794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddiqui A.A., Ewer J.A., Lawrence P.J., Galea E.R., Frost I.R. Building Information Model­ling for performance-based Fire Safety Engineering analysis — A strategy for data sharing. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42:102794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P., Liu C., Wang B., Tao Y., Xu Y.-J., Liu Y., Zhu P. Eco-friendly coating based on an intumescent flame-retardant system for viscose fabrics with multi-function properties: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and antibacterial properties // Progress in Organic Coatings. 2021. Vol. 159. Issue 10. P. 106400. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106400</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li P., Liu C., Wang B., Tao Y., Xu Y.-J., Liu Y., Zhu P. Eco-friendly coating based on an intumescent flame-retardant system for viscose fabrics with multi-function properties: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and antibacterial properties. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2021; 159(10):106400. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106400</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gatheeshgar P., Keerthan P., Thamboo J., Roy K. On the fire behaviour of modular floors designed with optimised cold-formed steel joist // Structures. 2021. Vol. 30. Pp. 1071–1085. DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gatheeshgar P., Keerthan P., Thamboo J., Roy K. On the fire behaviour of modular floors designed with optimised cold-formed steel joist. Structures. 2021; 30:1071-1085. DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy K., Lim J.B.P., Lau H.H., Yong P.M., Clifton G.C., Johnston P.D., et al. Collapse behaviour of a fire engineering designed single-storey cold-formed steel building in severe fires // Thin-Walled Structures. 2019. Vol. 142. Pp. 340–357. DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy K., Lim J.B.P., Lau H.H., Yong P.M., Clifton G.C., Johnston P.D., et al. Collapse behaviour of a fire engineering designed single-storey cold-formed steel building in severe fires. Thin-Walled Structures. 2019; 142:340-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A., Roy K., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P. Finite element analysis of unfastened cold-formed steel channel sections with web holes under end-two-flange loading at elevated temperatures // Advanced Steel Construction 2021. Vol. 17. Issue 3. Pp. 231–242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A., Roy K., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P. Finite element analysis of unfastened cold-formed steel channel sections with web holes under end-two-flange loading at elevated temperatures. Advanced Steel Construction. 2021; 17(3):231-242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерёмина Т.Ю., Минайлов Д.А. Гармонизация российских и международных нормативных до­кументов по оценке огнестойкости строительных конструкций (основные подходы к проведению огневых испытаний) // Пожарная безопасность. 2014. № 2. С. 151–155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremina T.Y., Minailov D.A. Harmonization of the Russian and international normative documents on assessment of fire resistance of structures (key approaches to carrying out fire tests). Fire safety. 2014; 32:151-155. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korolchenko D., Eremina T., Minailov D. New method for quality control of fire protective coatings IAPE’19. Oxford, United Kingdom.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korolchenko D., Eremina T., Minailov D. New method for quality control of fire protective coatings IAPE’19. Oxford, United Kingdom.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минайлов Д.А. Исследование огнестойкости стальных конструкций покрытия складских зданий в условиях различного температурного воздействия // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2020. Т. 29. № 3. С. 54–65. DOI: 10.22227/PVB.2020.29.03.54-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minailov D.A. Investigation of fire resistance of steel structures covering warehouse buildings in conditions of different temperature effects. Pozharovzryvobez­opasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2020; 29(3): 54-65. DOI: 10.22227/PVB.2020.29.03.54-65 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кошмаров Ю.А. Прогнозирование опасных факторов пожара в помещении : учеб. пос. М. : Академия ГПС МВД России, 2000. 118 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshmarov Y.A. Predicting indoor fire hazards : a training manual. Moscow, Academy of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia, 2000; 118. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гмурман В.Е. Теория вероятностей и математическая статистика : учеб. пос. для вузов. 10-е изд., стер. М. : Высшая школа, 2004. 479 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gmurman V.E. Probability theory and mathematical statistics : studies. Manual for universities. 10th ed., ster. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 2004; 479. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
