<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.02.18-32</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка несущей способности контактного соединения полюсного вывода свинцовой аккумуляторной батареи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of bearing capacity of pole connection of lead-acid storage battery terminal</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4605-9668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недобитков</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedobitkov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Research</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.nedobitkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-7599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдеев</surname><given-names>Б. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdeev</surname><given-names>B. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, профессор «Школы архитектуры, строительства и дизайна»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of Architectural and Civil Engineering Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.abdeeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Восточно-Казахстанский технический университет им. Д. Серикбаева</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>East Kazakhstan Technical University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Недобитков А.И., Абдеев Б.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Недобитков А.И., Абдеев Б.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nedobitkov A.I., Abdeev B.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1220">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1220</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Приведенные в статье данные свидетельствуют, что проблема повышения пожарной безопасности при эксплуатации автотранспортных средств очень актуальна. Целью статьи является разработка научно-­обоснованного метода исследования контактного соединения полюсного вывода свинцовой стартер­ной батареи, имеющего признаки большого переходного сопротивления или изменение геометрической формы, для установления причины повреждения в ходе пожарно-технической экспертизы.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились с использованием растрового электронного микроскопа JSM-6390LV с приставкой для энергодисперсионного микроанализа. Объектами исследования являлись полюсные выводы свинцовой батареи европейского типа (EU) и их наконечники. Контактные поверхности наконечников подвергались анализу без предварительной пробоподготовки.</p><p>Теоретические основы (теория и расчеты). Разработана физико-математическая модель предельной несущей способности контактного соединения полюсного вывода свинцовой аккумуляторной батареи, соответ­ствующая реальной конструкции, и на этой основе сформулирован расчетно-практический алгоритм экспер­тного анализа ее механико-геометрических характеристик. Решение доведено до простых расчетных формул, позволяющих оценивать несущую способность контакта. На конкретном примере показана при­менимость разработанной математической модели для проведения пожарно-технической экспертизы.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Приведены примеры возгораний автомобилей, возникновение которых обусловлено утратой несущей способности в контакте полюсных выводов аккумуляторной батареи с наконечниками проводов в процессе эксплуатации. Приведены снимки результата большого переходного сопротивления на поверхности контакта и его элементный состав. Экспериментальными данными подтверждено, что перенос материала полюсного вывода на наконечники проводов в виде капель свинца и его наслоений является значимым криминалистическим признаком при установлении причины пожара.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Предложен метод определения несущей способности контакта полюсного вывода свинцовой аккумуляторной батареи с наконечником провода, на основании которого можно сделать вывод о причастности большого переходного сопротивления в контакте к последующему пожару. Приведенные в статье данные могут быть использованы специалистами при экспертном исследовании наконечников проводов свинцовых аккумуляторных батарей, изымаемых с мест пожаров, установлении механизма их повреждения и, в конечном счете, причины пожара.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The data given in the article show that the problem of increase of fire safety at operation of vehicles is actual. The main purpose of the article is to develop a scientifically based method of examination of contact connections of pole terminals of starter batteries, which have signs of high transient resistance or change in geometrical shape in order to find out the reason of damage in the course of fire-technical expertise.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The researches were carried out with the use of a scanning-electron microscope JSM-6390LV with an attachment for energy-dispersive microanalysis. The objects of research were pole terminals of a lead-acid storage battery of European type and their tips. Contact surfaces of the tips were analyzed without preliminary sample preparation.</p><p>Theoretical background (theory and calculations). A physical and mathematical model of ultimate load-bearing capacity of lead battery terminal, which corresponds to real design, has been developed. On this basis, there is formulated a computational and practical algorithm for expert analysis of its mechanical and geometrical characteristics. The solution has been simplified to short calculating formulas, allowing to estimate the contact load-bearing capacity. The applicability of the developed mathematical model to carrying out fire-technical exami­nations is shown by a concrete example.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Examples are given of car fires, which were caused by loss of load-bearing capacity in the contact of battery terminals with wire-end terminals during in the process of operation. Pictures of the result of high transient resistance on the contact surface and its elemental composition are given. Experimental data confirmed that the transfer of the material of the pole leads to the tips of wires in the form of drops of lead and its layers is a significant forensic feature in determining the cause of the fire.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The method of determination of load-bearing capacity of contact of a lead battery pole to the wire end, on the basis of which it is possible to draw a conclusion about participation of great transient resistance in the contact to the subsequent fire, is offered. The data given in the article may be used by specialists during an expert examination of lead battery terminals, seized from places of fires, in order to establish the mechanism of their damage and, finally, the cause of a fire.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>растровая электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>напряженно-деформированное состояние</kwd><kwd>пожарно-­техническая экспертиза</kwd><kwd>полюсные выводы</kwd><kwd>наконечник провода</kwd><kwd>контактное давление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>scanning-electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>stress-strained state</kwd><kwd>fire-technical expert examination</kwd><kwd>pole terminals</kwd><kwd>wire-tip</kwd><kwd>contact pressure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брушлинский Н.Н., Соколов С.В. Какова «стоимость» пожаров в современном мире? // Пожаро­взрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2020. Т. 29. № 1. С. 79–88. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2020.29.01.79-88</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brushlinskiy N.N., Sokolov S.V. How much is the fire “cost” in the modern world? Pozharovzryvobez­opasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2020; 29(1):79-88. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2020.29.01.79-88 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quintiere J.G. Fundamentals of fire phenomena. Chichester : John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006. DOI: 10.1002/0470091150.fmatter</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quintiere J.G. Fundamentals of fire phenomena. England, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2006. DOI: 10.1002/0470091150.fmatter</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babrauskas V. Arc mapping: a critical review // Fire Technology. 2018. Vol. 54. Issue 3. Pp. 749–780. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-018-0711-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babrauskas V. Arc mapping: a critical review. Fire Technology. 2018; 54(3):749-780. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-018-0711-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Недобитков А.И., Абдеев Б.М. О физической основе локальной токовой перегрузки в автомобильной электрической сети // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2019. Т. 28. № 6. С. 18–28. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2019.28.06.18-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedobitkov A.I., Abdeev B.M. On physical basis of local current overload in vehicle electric mains. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2019; 28(6):18-28. DOI: 10.18322/PVB.2019.28.06.18-28 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Недобитков А.И., Абдеев Б.М. Оценка несущей способности гнездовых контактов розетки при экспертизе пожаров // Пожаровзрывобез­опасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022. Т. 31. № 1. С. 65–76. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.01.65-76</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedobitkov A.I., Abdeyev B.M. Evaluation of the bearing capacity of socket contacts within the framework of a fire investigation. Pozharovzryvobez­opasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022; 31(1):65-76. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.01.65-76 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorsz A, Lewandowski M. Analysis of fire hazards associated with the operation of electric vehicles in enclosed structures // Energies. 2022. Vol. 15. Issue 1. P. 11. DOI: 10.3390/en15010011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorsz A., Lewandowski M. Analysis of fire hazards associated with the operation of electric vehicles in enclosed structures. Energies. 2022; 15(1):11. DOI: 10.3390/en15010011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gudym V., Mykhalichko B., Nazarovets O., Gavry­liuk A. The effect of short circuits and flame tempe­rature modes on the change in the microstructure of copper in automotive wiring // Engineering Failure Analysis. 2022. Vol. 136. P. 106198. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudym V., Mykhalichko B., Nazarovets O., Gavry­liuk A. The effect of short circuits and flame temperature modes on the change in the microstructure of copper in automotive wiring. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2022; 136:106198. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brzezinska D., Ollesz R., Bryant P. Design car fire size based on fire statistics and experimental data // Fire and Materials. 2020. Vol. 44. Issue 8. Pp. 1099–1107. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2913</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brzezinska D., Ollesz R., Bryant P. Design car fire size based on fire statistics and experimental data. Fire and Materials. 2020; 44(8):1099-1107. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2913</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hui Zhu, Yunji Gao, Haidong Guo. Experimental investigation of burning behavior of a running vehicle // Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2020. Vol. 22. P. 100795. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hui Zhu, Yunji Gao, Haidong Guo. Experimental investigation of burning behavior of a running vehicle. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2020; 22:100795. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park Y., Ryu J., Ryou H.S. Experimental study on the fire-spreading characteristics and heat release rates of burning vehicles using a large-scale calorimeter // Energies. 2019. Vol. 12. Issue 8. P. 1465. DOI: 10.3390/en12081465</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park Y., Ryu J., Ryou H.S. Experimental study on the fire-spreading characteristics and heat release rates of burning vehicles using a large-scale calorimeter. Energies. 2019; 12(8):1465. DOI: 10.3390/en12081465</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyeongho Choi, Lee Eui-Pyeong. Analysis of a fire in a parked camping car // Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation. 2019. Vol. 19. Issue 1. Pp. 217–223. DOI: 10.9798/KOSHAM.2019.19.1.217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyeongho Choi, Lee Eui-Pyeong. Analysis of a fire in a parked camping car. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation. 2019; 19(1):217-223. DOI: 10.9798/KOSHAM.2019.19.1.217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dayan Li, Guoqing Zhu, Hui Zhu, Zhichao Yu, Yunji Gao, Xiaohui Jiang. Flame spread and smoke tempe­rature of full-scale fire test of car fire // Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2017. Vol. 10. Pp. 315–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2017.08.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dayan Li, Guoqing Zhu, Hui Zhu, Zhichao Yu, Yunji Gao, Xiaohui Jiang. Flame spread and smoke temperature of full-scale fire test of car fire. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2017; 10:315-324. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2017.08.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao-hui Jiang, Guo-qing Zhu, Hui Zhu, Da-yan Li. Full-scale experimental study of fire spread behavior of cars // Procedia Engineering. 2018. Vol. 211. Pp. 297–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao-hui Jiang, Guo-qing Zhu, Hui Zhu, Da-yan Li. Full-scale experimental study of fire spread behavior of cars. Procedia Engineering. 2018; 211:297-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee Eui-Pyeong. Analysis of a car fire caused by a fuel leakage from the common rail // Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation. 2018. Vol. 18. Issue 4. Pp. 225–231. DOI: 10.9798/KOSHAM.2018.18.4.225</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee Eui-Pyeong. Analysis of a car fire caused by a fuel leakage from the common rail. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation. 2018; 18(4):225-231. DOI: 10.9798/KOSHAM.2018.18.4.225</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruger S., Hofmann A., Berger A., Gude N. Investigation of smoke gases and temperatures during car fire — large-scale and small-scale tests and numerical investigations // Fire and Materials. 2016. Vol. 40. Issue 6. Pp. 785–799. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2342</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruger S., Hofmann A., Berger A., Gude N. Investigation of smoke gases and temperatures during car fire-large-scale and small-scale tests and numerical investigations. Fire and Materials. 2016; 40(6):785-799. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2342</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okamoto K., Otake T., Miyamoto H., Honma M., Watanabe N. Burning behavior of minivan passenger cars // Fire Safety Journal. 2013. Vol. 62. Pp. 301–310. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okamoto K., Otake T., Miyamoto H., Honma M., Watanabe N. Burning behavior of minivan passenger cars. Fire Safety Journal. 2013; 62:272-280. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okamoto K., Watanabe N., Hagimoto Y., Chi­gira T., Masano R., Miura H., et al. Burning behavior of sedan passenger cars // Fire Safety Journal. 2008. Vol. 44. Issue 3. Pp. 301–310. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.07.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okamoto K., Watanabe N., Hagimoto Y., Chigira T., Masano R., Miura H., et al. Burning behavior of sedan passenger cars. Fire Safety Journal. 2009; 44(3):301-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.07.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xioa-hui J., Guo-qing Z., Hui Z., Dayan L. Full-scale experimental study to fire spread behawior of cars // Procedia Engineering. 2018. Vol. 211. Pp. 297–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xioa-hui J., Guo-qing Z., Hui Z., Dayan L. Full-scale experimental study to fire spread behawior of cars. Procedia Engineering. 2018; 211:297-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrone C.W. Commercial vehicle fire, cause and origin analysis // Mechanical, electrical and forensic methods : 2nd int. conf., Fires in Vehicles. Chicago, USA, 2012. Pp. 83–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrone C.W. Commercial vehicle fire, cause and origin analysis. Mechanical, electrical and forensic methods : 2nd int. conf., Fires in Vehicles, Chicago, USA, 2012; 83-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скодтаев С.В. Механизм и морфологические признаки аварийных пожароопасных процессов в электросетях автомобилей : дис. … канд. техн. наук. М. : Академия ГПС МЧС России, 2018. 140 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skodtaev S.V. Mechanism and morphological features of emergency fire-dangerous processes in electric networks of cars : Dissertation of the Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow, State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia Publ., 2019; 144. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnsson E.L., Yang J.C. Experimental study on hardening a motorcoach against tire fire penetration // Fire and Materials. 2016. Vol. 4. Issue 3. Pp. 416–426. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnsson E.L., Yang J.C. Experimental study on hardening a motorcoach against tire fire penetration. Fire and Materials. 2016; 40(3):416-426. DOI: 10.1002/fam.2295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харламенков А.С. Пожарная опасность применения литий-ионных аккумуляторов в России // Пожаро­взрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022. Т. 31. № 3. С. 96–102. URL: https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1120/0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharlamenkov A.S. The fire hazard of the use of lithium-ion batteries in Russia. Pozharovzryvobez­opasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022; 31(3): 96-102.URL: https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1120/0 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ложкин В.Н. Теория и практика диагностики пожаро­опасных режимов эксплуатации каталитических нейтрализаторов // Пожаровзрывобез­опасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022. Т. 31. № 3. С. 65–74. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.65-74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lozhkin V.N. Theory and practice of diagnostics of fire hazardous modes of operation of catalytic converters. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2022; 31(3):65-74. DOI: 10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.65-74 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ворошилов Р.Ф. Мурашкевич Е.А. Исследование поврежденного огнем легкового автомобиля после воздействия тепла пожара при разгерметизации топливной системы // Сибирский пожарно-­спасательный вестник. 2020. Т. 18. № 3. С. 38–41. DOI: 10.34987/vestnik.sibpsa.2020.18.3.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voroshilov R.F., Murashkevich E.A. Investigation of a car damaged by fire after exposure to the heat of a fire during depressurization of the fuel system. Siberian Fire and Rescue Bulletin. 2020; 18(3):38-41. DOI: 10.34987/vestnik.sibpsa.2020.18.3.006 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чешко И.Д., Плотников В.Г. Анализ экспертных версий возникновения пожара. Кн. 1. СПб: Типография «Береста», 2010. 708 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheshko I.D., Plotnikov V.G. Analysis of expert versions of fire occurrence. Book 1. St. Petersburg, Beresta Publ., 2010; 708. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смелков Г.И. Пожарная безопасность электропроводок. М. : ООО «Кабель», 2009. 328 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smelkov G.I. Fire safety of wirings. Moscow, LLC “Kabel” Publ., 2009; 328. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Недобитков А.И. Экспертное исследование автомобильных латунных кабельных наконечников провода массы // Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2015. Т. 24. № 6. С. 29–35. URL: https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/431</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedobitkov A.I. Expert research of automobile brass cable lug wire weight. Pozharovzryvobez­opasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety. 2015; 24(6):29-35. URL: https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/431 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prengaman R.D. The metallurgy and performance of cast and rolled lead alloys for battery grids // The Battery Man. 1997. Pp. 16–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prengaman R.D. The metallurgy and performance of cast and rolled lead alloys for battery grids. The Battery Man. 1997; 16-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rand D.A.J., Boden D.P., Lakshmi C.S., Nelson R.R., Prengaman R.D. Manufacturing and operational issues with lead-acid batteries // Journal of Power Sources. 2002. Vol. 107. Issue 2. Pp. 280–300. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01083-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rand D.A.J., Boden D.P., Lakshmi C.S., Nelson R.R., Prengaman R.D. Manufacturing and operational issues with lead-acid batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 2002; 107(2):280-300. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01083-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Русин А., Найденов В., Кудрявцев А. Современные свинцовые аккумуляторы / под ред. проф. А.И. Русина. СПб. : Петрополис, 2017. 148 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusin A., Naydenov V., Kudryavtsev A. Modern lead batteries. A. Rusina (ed.). St. Petersburg, Petropolis Publ., 2017; 148. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnett G.J. Vehicle battery fires: why they happen and how they happen. Warrendale, Pennsylvania : SAE International Ltd., 2017. DOI: 10.4271/R-443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnett G.J. Vehicle battery fires : why they happen and how they happen. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, SAE International Ltd., 2017. DOI: 10.4271/R-443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунов А.С., Васильев А.В., Беляк А.Л., Могильникова А.В. Порядок отработки версии о причастности плохого контакта на клемме аккумуляторной батареи автомобиля к возникновению пожара // Образование и право. 2021. № 10. С. 450–456. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/poryadok-otrabotki-versii-o-prichastnosti-plohogo-kontakta-na-klemme-akkumulyatornoy-batarei-avtomobilya-k-vozniknoveniyu-pozhara</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunov A.S., Vasil’yev A.V., Belyak A.L., Mogil’ni­kova A.V. The procedure for working out the version about the involvement of a bad connection on the battery terminal of the car in the occurrence of a fire. Education and Law. 2021; 10:450-456. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/poryadok-otrabotki-versii-o-prichastnosti-plohogo-kontakta-­na-klemme-akkumulyatornoy-batarei-avtomobilya-k-vozniknoveniyu-pozhara (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhenyu Li, Zhongjie Wang, Liang Wang. Discussion of the relationship between failure and fire of valve regulated lead acid battery // E3S Web of Confe­rences. 2020. Vol. 185. P. 01058. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202018501058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhenyu Li, Zhongjie Wang, Liang Wang. Discussion of the relationship between failure and fire of valve regulated lead acid battery. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 185:01058. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202018501058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карасев Е.В., Таратанов Н.А., Чурбанов Н.Б. Исследование процесса возникновения и развития пожара на объекте строительной техники // Пожарная и аварийная безопасность. 2021. № 2 (21). С. 26–39. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46249438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasev Ye.V., Taratanov N.A., Churbanov N.B. Forecasting the process of occurrence and development of emergency situations related to fires at construction equipment facilities. Pozharnaya i avariynaya bezopasnost’/Fire and Emergency Safety. 2021; 21(2):38-41. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46249438 (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова О.Г., Жорняк Л.Б. Исследование характера механического взаимодействия рабочих поверхностей сильноточных разрывных контактов // Электротехника и электромеханика. 2016. № 1. С. 12–16. DOI: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.1.02. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-haraktera-mehanicheskogo-vzaimodeystviya-rabochih-poverhnostey-silnotochnyh-razryvnyh-kontaktov</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova O.G., Zhornyak L.B. Investigation of high-current interrupting contacts working surfaces mechanical interaction nature. Elektrotekhnika i elektromekhanika/Electrical engineering and electromechanics. 2016; 1:­12-16. DOI: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.1.02. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-haraktera-meha­nicheskogo-vzaimodeystviya-rabochih-poverhnostey-silnotochnyh-razryvnyh-kontaktov (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анурьев В.И. Справочник конструктора-машиностроителя : в 3-х т. : Т. 2. 8-е изд., перераб. и доп. / под ред. И.Н. Жестковой. М. : Машиностроение, 2001. 912 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anur’yev V.I. Handbook of the designer-machine builder : in 3 vol. : Vol. 2. 8th ed., rev. and exp. I.N. Zhestkovoy (ed.). Moscow, Mashinostroenie Publ., 2001; 912. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биргер И.А., Мавлютов Р.Р. Сопротивление материалов : учеб. пос. М. : Наука, 1986. 560 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birger I.A., Mavlyutov R.R. Resistance of Materials : A Tutorial. Moscow, Nauka Publ, 1986; 560. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Писаренко Г.С., Яковлев А.П., Матвеев В.В. Справочник по сопротивлению материалов. Киев : Наукова думка, 1975. 704 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisarenko G.S., Yakovlev A.P., Matveyev V.V. Handbook of Strength of Materials. Kyiv, Naukova dumka Publ, 1975; 704. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биргер И.А., Шорр Б.Ф., Иосилевич Г.Б. Расчет на прочность деталей машин : справочник. М. : Машиностроение, 1979. 702 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birger I.A., Shorr B.F., Iosilevich G.B. Strength calculation of machine parts : handbook. Moscow, Mashino­stroenie Publ., 1979; 702. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филин А.П. Прикладная механика твердого деформируемого тела. Т. 1. М. : Наука, 1975. 832 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filin A.P. Applied mechanics of a solid deformable body. Vol. 1. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1975; 832. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жидков А.В., Любимов А.К. Плоские задачи теории упругости : учеб.-мет. пос. Н. Новгород : Нижегородский госуниверситет, 2019. 38 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhidkov A.V., Lyubimov A.K. Plane problems of the theory of elasticity : study guide. Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod State University Publ., 2019; 38. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стружанов В.В., Бурмашева Н.В. Теория упругости: основные положения : учеб. пос. / В.В. Стружанов, Н.В. Бурмашева. Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2019. 204 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Struzhanov V.V., Burmasheva N.V. Theory of elasticity: basic provisions : tutorial. Ekaterinburg, Ural. feder. un-t, 2019; 204. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хан X. Теория упругости: Основы линейной теории и ее применения / пер. с нем. М. : Мир, 1988. 344 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hans Georg Hahn. Elastizitatstheorie. Grundiagen der linearen Theorie und Anwendungen auf eindimensionale, ebene und raumliche Probleme. B.G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1985. (ger).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кац А.М. Теория упругости. СПб. : Изд-во Лань, 2002. 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kats A.M. Theory of elasticity. St. Petersburg, Lan’ Publ., 2002; 208. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скрипняк Е.Г., Жукова Т.В., Скрипняк В.А. Математическая постановка задач линейной теории упругости : учеб. пос. Томск : Изд-во ТГУ, 2005. 26 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skripnyak Ye.G., Zhukova T.V., Skripnyak V.A. Mathe­matical formulation of problems of the linear theory of elasticity : tutorial. Tomsk, TGU Publ, 2005; 26. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселев В.А. Плоская задача теории упругости : учеб. пос. для вузов. М. : Высшая школа, 1976. 151 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiselev V.A. Plane problem of the theory of elasti­city : tutorial. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ, 1976; 151. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимошенко С.П., Гудьер Дж. Теория упругости / пер. с англ. М.И. Рейтмана, под ред. Г.С. Шапиро. М. : Наука, 1975. 576 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timoshenko S.P., Goodier J. Theory of elasticity. Trans. from English. M.I. Reitman. G.S. Shapiro (ed.). Moscow, Naukа Publ., 1975; 576. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров В.М., Чебаков М.И. Аналитические методы в контактных задачах теории упругости : монография. М. : Физматлит, 2004. 299 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov V.M., Chebakov M.I. Analytical methods in contact problems of the theory of elasticity : Monograph. Moscow, Fizmatlit Publ, 2004; 299. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бояршинов С.В. Основы строительной механики машин : учеб. пос. М. : Машиностроение, 1973. 456 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyarshinov S.V. Fundamentals of structural mechanics of machines : Textbook. Moscow, Mashino­stroenie Publ, 1973; 456. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бронштейн И.Н., Семендяев К.А. Справочник по математике для инженеров и учащихся втузов. 13-е изд. испр. М. : Наука, 1986. 544 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronshteyn I.N., Semendyaev K.A. Mathematics handbook for engineers and students in higher technical education. 13th ed. Moscow, Nauka Publ., Fizmatgiz Publ., 1986; 544. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берент В.Я. Электроэрозия электрических контактов // Вестник ВНИИЖТ. 2016. Т. 75. № 2. С. 88–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berent V.Y. Electroerosion of electric contacts. Russian Railway Science Journal. 2016; 75(2):88-96. (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лютов В.П., Шлыков Д.А. Оптическая микроскопия как источник экспертных ошибок // Энциклопедия судебной экспертизы: научно-практический журнал. 2016. Вып. 4 (11). URL: http://proexpertizu.ru/theory_and_practice/ted/703/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyutov V.P., Shlykov D.A. Optical microscopy as a source of expert errors. Entsiklopediya sudebnoy ekspertizy: nauchno-prakticheskiy zhurnal/Encyclopedia of Forensic Science: Scientific and Practical Journal. 2016; 11(4). URL: http://proexpertizu.ru/theory_and_practice/ted/703/ (rus).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
