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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2023.32.01.80-88</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1198</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ, СООРУЖЕНИЙ, ОБЪЕКТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, OBJECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пожарная опасность взрывных режимов испарения сжиженного природного газа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The fire hazard of explosive regimes of liquefied ­natural gas evaporation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-2547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шебеко</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shebeko</surname><given-names>Y. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>РИНЦ ID: 47042; Scopus Author ID: 7006511704</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury N. SHEBEKO, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Chief Researcher</p><p>ID RISC: 47042; Scopus Author ID: 7006511704</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yn_shebeko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский ордена «Знак Почета» научно-исследовательский институт противопожарной обороны Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий, Московская обл., г. Балашиха</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, VNIIPO, 12, Balashikha, Moscow Region, 143903, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шебеко Ю.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шебеко Ю.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shebeko Y.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1198">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1198</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. На основе рассмотрения результатов опубликованных исследований проанализирована специфика пожарной опасности взрывных режимов испарения сжиженного природного газа (СПГ). К числу таких режимов относятся ролловер и быстрый фазовый переход (БФП).</p><p>Особенности процессов взрывного испарения СПГ. Ролловер реализуется в резервуарах хранения СПГ при самопроизвольном смешении слоев продукта, имеющих различные температуры и плотности. Такие слои образуются при подаче в резервуар, содержащий остаточное количество хранимого СПГ («старый» продукт), новой партии СПГ («свежий» продукт) с другими параметрами (температура, плотность, состав). Ролловер сопровождается резким (взрывным) увеличением скорости испарения с соответствующим ростом давле­ния в резервуаре, которое может превысить допустимое для резервуара значение. Быстрый фазовый переход происходит при контакте воды и пролитого на ее поверхность СПГ, в результате чего может реализоваться взрывное испарение сжиженного природного газа с образованием ударных волн и обширных зон загазованности.</p><p>Исследования эффекта ролловера. Отмечено, что для возникновения ролловера необходимым условием является стратификация (образование слоев продукта с различными температурами и плотностями). При этом за счет теплообмена нижнего (более плотного) слоя со стенками резервуара может происходить его перегрев с уменьшением плотности продукта. Одновременно происходит преимущественное испарение из верхнего слоя легких компонентов (метана, азота) с увеличением плотности продукта в верхнем слое. При выравнивании плотностей слоев происходит их самопроизвольное перемешивание со взрывным вскипанием нижнего перегретого слоя. Величина временной задержки возникновения ролловера может достигать 60–70 ч после загрузки «свежего» продукта в резервуар со «старым» продуктом.</p><p>Исследования эффекта быстрого фазового перехода. В случае БФП энергия, выделяющаяся при взрывном испарении, и давление в ударной волне зависят от многих факторов, таких как скорость истечения СПГ, локализация источника истекающего продукта — над или под уровнем воды, состав СПГ, температура воды. Найдено, что опасные для целостности зданий и сооружений давления в ударной волне наблюдаются на расстояниях до 500 м от места пролива. Получено эмпирическое соотношение, связывающее температуру воды при возникновении БФП с предельной температурой перегрева СПГ, выше которой кипение происходит в режиме гомогенной нуклеации.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Показано, что реализация взрывных режимов испарения СПГ приводит к существенному увеличе­нию уровня пожарной опасности объектов хранения и транспортировке сжиженного природного газа. Сформулированы рекомендации по предотвращению возникновения данных явлений.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The fire hazard of explosive regimes of liquefied natural gas (LNG) evaporation was analyzed on the basis of the published research findings. These regimes include the rollover and the rapid phase transition (RPT).</p><p>Characteristics of explosive regimes of LNG evaporation. Rollover occurs in LNG storage tanks in case of spontaneous mixing of LNG layers having different temperatures and densities. These layers emerge when the “fresh” product is loaded into a vessel containing the residual amount of product stored there before. A rapid increase in the LNG evaporation rate accompanies a pressure rise inside the tank, which can exceed an allowable pressure of the tank. RPT occurs at a contact of LND and water in the case of a release of liquefied natural gas onto a water surface. An explosive evaporation of LNG can cause in this case a formation of a shock wave and a large-scale vapor cloud.</p><p>Investigations of rollovers. It was mentioned that a stratification of LNG in a storage tank is a necessary condition of a rollover. Two layers with different temperatures and densities are formed during this stratification. A superheating of a lower layer occurs at a heat exchange between the LNG and tank walls with a decrease of a density of this layer. A preferential evaporation of light components of LNG (methane, nitrogen) takes place in the upper layer, and the density of this layer increases. When the densities of these layers are equalized a spontaneous mixing of these layers occurs with an explosive evaporation of the product in the lower superheated layer. A time delay of rollover can reach 60–70 hours after the supply of the “fresh” product into the tank with “old” product.</p><p>Investigations of a rapid phase transition. An energy released at the explosive evaporation and a pressure in a shock wave depend on many factors such as a LNG release rate, a position of a source of the LNG release — over or under a water level, a product composition, water temperature etc. It was found that a pressure hazardous for buildings and structures can take place at distances 250–500 m from the point of the release. The empirical correlation was proposed connecting a water temperature at the RPT occurrence and the superheating tempe­rature of LNG at which a boiling takes place in the regime of a homogeneous nucleation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. It was shown that a realization of the explosive regimes of the LNG evaporation increases a fire hazard of objects for a storage and a transportation of liquefied natural gas. Recommendations for a prevention of such regimes are formulated.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ролловер</kwd><kwd>быстрый фазовый переход</kwd><kwd>стратификация жидкой фазы</kwd><kwd>ударная волна</kwd><kwd>перегрев жидкой фазы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rollover</kwd><kwd>rapid phase transition</kwd><kwd>stratification</kwd><kwd>shock wave</kwd><kwd>superheated liquid</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarsten J.A. LNG stratification and rollover // Pipeline Gas Journal. 1972. Vol. 199. Issue 11. Pp. 37–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarsten J.A. LNG stratification and rollover. 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