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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">firesmi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пожаровзрывобезопасность/Fire and Explosion Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7493</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6201</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.65-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">firesmi-1117</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ, СООРУЖЕНИЙ, ОБЪЕКТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, OBJECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Теория и практика диагностики пожароопасных режимов эксплуатации каталитических нейтрализаторов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and practice of diagnostics of fire hazardous modes of operation of catalytic converters</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-0519</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ложкин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lozhkin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ложкин Владимир Николаевич, д-р техн. наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, профессор кафедры пожарной, аварийно-спасательной техники и автомобильного хозяйства</p><p>РИНЦ ID: 369765; Scopus Author ID: 56566370300</p><p>196105, г. Санкт-Петербург, Московский пр-т, 149</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir N. Lozhkin, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor of Department of Rescue Equipment and Fire Vehicles</p><p>ID RISC: 369765; Scopus Author ID: 56566370300</p><p>Moskovskiy Avenue, 149, Saint Petersburg, 196105</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vnlojkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский университет Государственной противопожарной службы Министерства Российской Федерации по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий имени Героя Российской Федерации генерала армии Е. Н. Зиничева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Fire Service University of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination on Consequences of Natural Disasters named after the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ложкин В.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ложкин В.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lozhkin V.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1117">https://www.fire-smi.ru/jour/article/view/1117</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Массовое применение на автомобильных двигателях каталитических нейтрализаторов и сажевых фильтров обострило проблему их возгорания и актуализировало научно-методическое обеспечение экспертизы причин пожарно-аварийных режимов (ПАР) эксплуатации топливно-каталитических агрегатов (ТКА). Подтверждена связь ПАР работы ТКА с отказами топливной аппаратуры, износами цилиндропоршневой группы двигателей и отклонениями состава топлива. Целью являлась разработка метода диагностики пожароопасных режимов эксплуатации ТКА автотранспорта.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Обоснована модель окислительного катализа в ТКА. Она обеспечивает расчет термокаталитической эффективности и генерации тепла в активном слое платинового катализатора на γ-Al2O3 в зависимости от температуры отработавших газов (ОГ), концентрации СО, СН и сажи. Установлено, что теоретически процесс катализа может развиваться в четырех предельных областях: внутренняя кинетическая область, внутридиффузионная область, внешнедиффузионная область, внешнекинетическая область.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Экспериментально-расчетные исследования показали вероятность аварийных автомобилей с многократным превышением выброса сажи и термической напряженности. На двигателе КамАЗ 10‑кратное увеличение в ОГ СО, СН и сажи увеличивает тепловую производительность каталитической реакции с 17 282 до 491 907 кДж/ч, создавая угрозу возгорания. Для идентификации ПАР предложен метод диагностики на основе режима «свободного ускорения» (СУ) по ГОСТ 33997–2016. Процедура дополнена максимальными оборотами и ограничением (0,5 с) времени режима СУ. Последнее необходимо для гарантированного выхода двигателя на «внешнюю скоростную характеристику». Метод применен в пожарно-технических исследованиях автомобиля Ford Mondeo с дизелем TDCi («Common Rail System») и каталитическим сажевым фильтром. Лабораторными экспертно-аналитическими исследованиями было установлено, что основной причиной работы ТКА в аварийных (по экологической и пожарной опасности) режимах является накапливаемая при длительной эксплуатации коррозия прецизионных деталей топливной аппаратуры. Прогрессирующая коррозия происходит по причине избыточного содержания в топливе и масле серы и влаги.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Показано, что аварийный разогрев каталитического нейтрализатора приводит к резкому увеличению риска возгорания автомобиля. Предложен оригинальный метод диагностики пожароопасных режимов эксплуатации нейтрализаторов на основе процедур ГОСТ 33997–2016 (ТР ТС 018/2011).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The wide-scale use of catalytic converters and particulate filters in automobile engines has aggravated the problem of their ignition and updated the research and methodological framework for the examination of causes of fire emergency modes (FEMs) of operation of fuel catalytic units (FCUs). The relationship between the FEMs of the FCU operation and failures of the fuel equipment, wear of the cylinder-piston group of engines and deviations in fuel compositions was confirmed. The goal was to develop a diagnostic method for fire hazardous modes of operation of FCUs of vehicles.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>Methodology. A model of oxidative catalysis underway in the FCU has been proven rational. The model is used to calculate the thermo-catalytic efficiency and heat generation in the active layer of the γ-Al2O3 platinum catalyst depending on the temperature of exhaust gases (EG), concentrations of CO, CH and soot. It has been found out that catalysis can theoretically develop in four limit domains: internal kinetic domain, internal diffusion domain, external diffusion domain, and external kinetic domain.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Experimental and computational studies have shown the probability of emergence of breakdown vehicles with a multiple excess of soot emissions and thermal stresses. A 10‑fold increase in CO, CH and soot in EG rises the thermal performance of the catalytic reaction from 17,282 to 491,907 kJ/h, creating a fire hazard in a KamAZ engine. To identify a FEM, the diagnostic method based on the «free acceleration» (FA) mode according to GOST 33997–2016 is proposed. The procedure is supplemented with maximum revolutions and restrictions (0.5 s) of the FA mode time. The latter is necessary for the guaranteed operation of the engine in the «full load mode». The method was applied in the course of the fire engineering studies on a Ford Mondeo car having a TDCi (Common Rail System) diesel engine and a catalytic particulate filter. Laboratory examination and analytical studies have found that the main reason for the operation of FCU in emergency (due to environmental and fire hazards) modes is the corrosion of precision parts of the fuel equipment accumulated during its long-term operation. Progressive corrosion is caused by excessive sulfur and moisture content in fuel and oil.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. It’s been proven that the emergency heating of a catalytic converter causes a sharp rise in the car combustion risk. The authors have proposed an original method for the diagnostics of fire-hazardous modes of operation of catalytic converters based on procedures set in GOST 33997–2016 (ТР ТС 018/2011).</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>автомобиль</kwd><kwd>двигатель</kwd><kwd>неисправность</kwd><kwd>отработавшие газы</kwd><kwd>пожарный риск</kwd><kwd>математическая модель</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>расчеты</kwd><kwd>метод диагностики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>automobile</kwd><kwd>engine</kwd><kwd>malfunction</kwd><kwd>exhaust gases</kwd><kwd>fire risk</kwd><kwd>mathematical model</kwd><kwd>experiment</kwd><kwd>calculations</kwd><kwd>diagnostic method</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор выражает благодарность научному руководителю проектов Института безопасности дорожного движения при ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет», д-ру техн. наук, профессору Кравченко П. А. за предоставленную возможность проведения инструментального контроля эколого-пожароопасных режимов работы ТКА автомобилей в Центре технических экспертиз и полезные научно-методические консультации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author would like to express his thanks to professor P. A. Kravchenko, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, a research advisor for projects of the Institute of Traffic Safety of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering» for an opportunity to perform the instrumentation control of the fire hazardous modes of operation of fuel catalyst units of automobiles at the Centre for Engineering Examination and helpful research and methodology-focused advice.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Delaimy W., Ramanathan V., Sorondo M. Health of people, health of planet and our responsibility: Climate change, air pollution and health. Springer, 2020. 417 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31125-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Delaimy W., Ramanathan V., Sorondo M. 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